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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the skin gills in a sea star?
Which structure in a sea star can be everted to digest food outside its body?
What is the purpose of the ossicles in a sea star?
What connects the radial canals to the stone canal in a sea star?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for nutrient exchange between a fetal pig and its mother?
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What role does the diaphragm play in respiration?
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What is the main function of the epiglottis in mammals?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the lungs?
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What is a unique structural feature of Grantia that distinguishes it under a microscope?
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Which feature is common to both Hydra and Grantia as observed under a microscope?
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What is the main function of the clitellum in earthworms?
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Which of the following structures is responsible for grinding up food particles in earthworms?
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Which organism is characterized by having a scolex and proglottids?
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What is the function of the madreporite in sea stars?
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In which organism would you expect to find a fold in the intestine called the typhosole?
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What defines the primary body form of cnidarians?
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What is the primary function of the cerebellum?
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Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
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What role does the pituitary gland play in the body?
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Which lobe of the cerebrum is primarily responsible for vision?
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Which part of the brain is responsible for processing auditory information?
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What is the function of the corpus callosum?
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What structure serves as a relay station for sensory information?
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Which part of the brain controls involuntary functions such as digestion?
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What is the primary function of the stomach in the digestive system?
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Which structure directly connects the small and large intestines?
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What is the role of the liver in the body?
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Where does blood get oxygenated after leaving the right ventricle?
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What is the purpose of the coronary artery?
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What is the function of the urinary bladder?
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Which structure is responsible for transporting urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
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What role does the spleen play in the circulatory system?
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Study Notes
Grantia
- Sponge
- Tubular shape under microscope
- Spicules present
Hydra
- Freshwater cnidarian
- Tubular structure with tentacles under microscope
Sea Anemone
- Marine, predatory
- Columnar body with crown of tentacles
Aurelia Ephyra
- Small, free-swimming organisms with a star-like shape
- Ephyra stage of Aurelia (jellyfish)
Cnidarians Body Forms
- Polyp: Tubular, attached form ex. Sea anemones
- Medusa: Bell-shaped, free-swimming form ex. Jellyfish
Planarian
- Flatworm
- Elongated flat organism with a triangular head under microscope
- Pharynx: Extends from the mouth for ingestion
- Eyespots: Light sensitive structures
- Three germ layers
Taenia pisiformis
- Tapeworm
- Long, flat worm, distinct head (scolex) with multiple body segments (proglottids)
- Scolex: Head with hooks and suckers for attachment
- Proglottids: Body segments containing reproductive organs
- Mature proglottids: Break off and release eggs
- Parasitic
Roundworms
- Cuticle: Protective outer layer
- Digestive tract: Complete, with mouth and anus
- Many are parasitic
- Bilateral symmetry
Earthworms
- Prostomium: First body segment, covers mouth, senses environment
- Setae: Bristles on segments for gripping and locomotion
- Clitellum: Thick ring for reproduction, secretes cocoon for eggs
Earthworms: Internal Structures and Functions
- Intestines: Digests food, absorbs nutrients
- Gizzard: Grinds food
- Crop: Stores food
- Seminal Vesicles: Store sperm
- Typhosole: Fold in intestine, increases surface area for digestion
Sea Stars: External Structures and Functions
- Madreporite: Sieve-like structure, water filter for water vascular system
- Entrance to Water Vascular System: Water enters for locomotion, feeding and respiration
- Spine: Hard structures for protection
- Skin Gills: Tube-like structures for respiration and waste removal
- Eyespot: At end of each arm, senses light and dark
Sea Stars: Internal Structures and Functions
- Ossicle: Calicified elements for endoskeleton
- Skeleton: Provides structure and protection
- Digestive Glands: Produce enzymes to break down food
- Gonads: Reproductive organs
- Cardiac Stomach: Everted to engulf and digest food outside the body
- Pyloric Stomach: Digestion continues after the cardiac stomach
- Stone Canal: Pumps water to tube feet in water vascular system
- Ring Canal: Encircles mouth, connects radial canals to stone canal
- Ampullae: Sacs control tube feet movement
External Structures of a Fetal Pig
- Umbilical Cord: Connects fetus to mother's placenta for nutrient and waste exchange
- Urogenital Papilla: Female, exit point for urinary and genital tracts
- Scrotum: Male, sac containing testes
- Anus: Exit point for waste from digestive system
Oral Cavity Structures
- Epiglottis: Flap covering trachea during swallowing, prevents food from entering lungs
- Hard Palate: Bony front of palate
- Soft Palate: Fleshy, flexible part towards back of mouth
- Tongue: Assists with taste, speech, and food manipulation
- Teeth: Chew and break down food
Respiratory Structures
- Trachea: Windpipe, connects pharynx, larynx and lungs
- Larynx: Voice box, contains vocal cords
- Lungs: Organs responsible for gas exchange
- Bronchus: Main passageway into lungs
- Diaphragm: Muscle for breathing
Digestive Structures
- Esophagus: Tube connecting throat and stomach
- Stomach: Major part of digestion occurs
- Small Intestine: Most nutrient absorption occurs
- Large Intestine: Absorbs water, forms feces
- Rectum: Final section of large intestine, terminating at anus
- Gall Bladder: Stores bile from liver
- Liver: Produces bile, detoxifies, produces blood clotting proteins
- Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones
- Spleen: Filters blood, fights infections
- Cecum: Pouch connected to small and large intestine junction
Circulatory Structures
- Left/Right Atrium: Receives blood returning to heart
- Left/Right Ventricle: Pumps blood out of heart
- Aorta: Main artery, carries blood from heart to body
- Aortic Arch: Bend in aorta between ascending and descending aorta
- Coronary Artery: Supplies blood to heart muscle
- Vena Cava: Largest vein, carries blood from body to heart
- Pulmonary Artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs
Reproductive Structures
- Urogenital Opening: Exit point for genital and urinary systems
- Penis: Male reproductive organ
- Oviduct: Tube for egg/ovum transportation from ovary
Excretory Structures
- Kidney: Filters blood, produces urine
- Ureters: Tubes carrying urine from kidneys to bladder
- Urinary Bladder: Stores urine
- Urethra: Tube for urine from bladder to outside the body
Path of Blood from the Right Side of the Heart to the Aorta
- Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior vena cava
- Moves to right ventricle via tricuspid valve
- Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary artery
- Blood oxygenates in lungs, returns to heart and enters left atrium
- Moves to Left ventricle through mitral valve
- Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to body through aorta
Main Structures of the Brain and Their Functions
- Cerebrum: Largest part, divided into hemispheres, controls voluntary actions, speech, senses, and thought processes
- Cerebellum: Back of brain, coordinates muscle movements, maintains posture and balance
-
Diencephalon: Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
- Thalamus: Relays sensory information
- Hypothalamus: Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions and behavior
- Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin, regulates sleep-wake cycles
-
Brain Stem: Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
- Midbrain: Controls eye movement, processes visual and auditory information
- Pons: Controls breathing, transfers information between cerebrum and cerebellum
- Medulla Oblongata: Controls involuntary functions like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion
- Corpus Callosum: Connects hemispheres allowing communication
- Pituitary Gland: Master gland, produces hormones controlling other glands
- Gyrus: Ridge
- Sulcus: Shallow groove
Four Lobes of the Cerebrum and Their Functions
- Frontal Lobe: Problem-solving, decision-making, planning, voluntary movement and speech
- Temporal Lobe: Processes auditory information, memory, speech, and language understanding
- Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information, spatial sense and navigation
- Occipital Lobe: Responsible for vision
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Description
Test your knowledge on various invertebrates, including sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms. This quiz covers their structural characteristics and life stages. Dive into the fascinating world of aquatic organisms and their unique features.