Invertebrate Biology Quiz

Grantia

• Sponge
• Tubular shape under microscope
• Spicules present

Hydra

• Freshwater cnidarian
• Tubular structure with tentacles under microscope

Sea Anemone

• Marine, predatory
• Columnar body with crown of tentacles

Aurelia Ephyra

• Small, free-swimming organisms with a star-like shape
• Ephyra stage of Aurelia (jellyfish)

Cnidarians Body Forms

• Polyp: Tubular, attached form ex. Sea anemones
• Medusa: Bell-shaped, free-swimming form ex. Jellyfish

Planarian

• Flatworm
• Elongated flat organism with a triangular head under microscope
• Pharynx: Extends from the mouth for ingestion
• Eyespots: Light sensitive structures
• Three germ layers

Taenia pisiformis

• Tapeworm
• Long, flat worm, distinct head (scolex) with multiple body segments (proglottids)
• Scolex: Head with hooks and suckers for attachment
• Proglottids: Body segments containing reproductive organs
• Mature proglottids: Break off and release eggs
• Parasitic

Roundworms

• Cuticle: Protective outer layer
• Digestive tract: Complete, with mouth and anus
• Many are parasitic
• Bilateral symmetry

Earthworms

• Prostomium: First body segment, covers mouth, senses environment
• Setae: Bristles on segments for gripping and locomotion
• Clitellum: Thick ring for reproduction, secretes cocoon for eggs

Earthworms: Internal Structures and Functions

• Intestines: Digests food, absorbs nutrients
• Gizzard: Grinds food
• Crop: Stores food
• Seminal Vesicles: Store sperm
• Typhosole: Fold in intestine, increases surface area for digestion

Sea Stars: External Structures and Functions

• Madreporite: Sieve-like structure, water filter for water vascular system
• Entrance to Water Vascular System: Water enters for locomotion, feeding and respiration
• Spine: Hard structures for protection
• Skin Gills: Tube-like structures for respiration and waste removal
• Eyespot: At end of each arm, senses light and dark

Sea Stars: Internal Structures and Functions

• Ossicle: Calicified elements for endoskeleton
• Skeleton: Provides structure and protection
• Digestive Glands: Produce enzymes to break down food
• Gonads: Reproductive organs
• Cardiac Stomach: Everted to engulf and digest food outside the body
• Pyloric Stomach: Digestion continues after the cardiac stomach
• Stone Canal: Pumps water to tube feet in water vascular system
• Ring Canal: Encircles mouth, connects radial canals to stone canal
• Ampullae: Sacs control tube feet movement

External Structures of a Fetal Pig

• Umbilical Cord: Connects fetus to mother's placenta for nutrient and waste exchange
• Urogenital Papilla: Female, exit point for urinary and genital tracts
• Scrotum: Male, sac containing testes
• Anus: Exit point for waste from digestive system

Oral Cavity Structures

• Epiglottis: Flap covering trachea during swallowing, prevents food from entering lungs
• Hard Palate: Bony front of palate
• Soft Palate: Fleshy, flexible part towards back of mouth
• Tongue: Assists with taste, speech, and food manipulation
• Teeth: Chew and break down food

Respiratory Structures

• Trachea: Windpipe, connects pharynx, larynx and lungs
• Larynx: Voice box, contains vocal cords
• Lungs: Organs responsible for gas exchange
• Bronchus: Main passageway into lungs
• Diaphragm: Muscle for breathing

Digestive Structures

• Esophagus: Tube connecting throat and stomach
• Stomach: Major part of digestion occurs
• Small Intestine: Most nutrient absorption occurs
• Large Intestine: Absorbs water, forms feces
• Rectum: Final section of large intestine, terminating at anus
• Gall Bladder: Stores bile from liver
• Liver: Produces bile, detoxifies, produces blood clotting proteins
• Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones
• Spleen: Filters blood, fights infections
• Cecum: Pouch connected to small and large intestine junction

Circulatory Structures

• Left/Right Atrium: Receives blood returning to heart
• Left/Right Ventricle: Pumps blood out of heart
• Aorta: Main artery, carries blood from heart to body
• Aortic Arch: Bend in aorta between ascending and descending aorta
• Coronary Artery: Supplies blood to heart muscle
• Vena Cava: Largest vein, carries blood from body to heart
• Pulmonary Artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Reproductive Structures

• Urogenital Opening: Exit point for genital and urinary systems
• Penis: Male reproductive organ
• Oviduct: Tube for egg/ovum transportation from ovary

Excretory Structures

• Kidney: Filters blood, produces urine
• Ureters: Tubes carrying urine from kidneys to bladder
• Urinary Bladder: Stores urine
• Urethra: Tube for urine from bladder to outside the body

Path of Blood from the Right Side of the Heart to the Aorta

• Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior vena cava
• Moves to right ventricle via tricuspid valve
• Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary artery
• Blood oxygenates in lungs, returns to heart and enters left atrium
• Moves to Left ventricle through mitral valve
• Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to body through aorta

Main Structures of the Brain and Their Functions

• Cerebrum: Largest part, divided into hemispheres, controls voluntary actions, speech, senses, and thought processes
• Cerebellum: Back of brain, coordinates muscle movements, maintains posture and balance
• Diencephalon: Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
  • Thalamus: Relays sensory information
  • Hypothalamus: Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions and behavior
  • Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin, regulates sleep-wake cycles
• Brain Stem: Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
  • Midbrain: Controls eye movement, processes visual and auditory information
  • Pons: Controls breathing, transfers information between cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Medulla Oblongata: Controls involuntary functions like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion
• Corpus Callosum: Connects hemispheres allowing communication
• Pituitary Gland: Master gland, produces hormones controlling other glands
• Gyrus: Ridge
• Sulcus: Shallow groove

Four Lobes of the Cerebrum and Their Functions

• Frontal Lobe: Problem-solving, decision-making, planning, voluntary movement and speech
• Temporal Lobe: Processes auditory information, memory, speech, and language understanding
• Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information, spatial sense and navigation
• Occipital Lobe: Responsible for vision

Test your knowledge on various invertebrates, including sponges, cnidarians, and flatworms. This quiz covers their structural characteristics and life stages. Dive into the fascinating world of aquatic organisms and their unique features.