Invertebrate Biology Quiz

Grantia

• Sponge
• Tubular shape under microscope
• Spicules present

Hydra

• Freshwater cnidarian
• Tubular structure with tentacles under microscope

Sea Anemone

• Marine, predatory
• Columnar body with crown of tentacles

Aurelia Ephyra

• Small, free-swimming organisms with a star-like shape
• Ephyra stage of Aurelia (jellyfish)

Cnidarians Body Forms

• Polyp: Tubular, attached form ex. Sea anemones
• Medusa: Bell-shaped, free-swimming form ex. Jellyfish

Planarian

• Flatworm
• Elongated flat organism with a triangular head under microscope
• Pharynx: Extends from the mouth for ingestion
• Eyespots: Light sensitive structures
• Three germ layers

Taenia pisiformis

• Tapeworm
• Long, flat worm, distinct head (scolex) with multiple body segments (proglottids)
• Scolex: Head with hooks and suckers for attachment
• Proglottids: Body segments containing reproductive organs
• Mature proglottids: Break off and release eggs
• Parasitic

Roundworms

• Cuticle: Protective outer layer
• Digestive tract: Complete, with mouth and anus
• Many are parasitic
• Bilateral symmetry

Earthworms

• Prostomium: First body segment, covers mouth, senses environment
• Setae: Bristles on segments for gripping and locomotion
• Clitellum: Thick ring for reproduction, secretes cocoon for eggs

Earthworms: Internal Structures and Functions

• Intestines: Digests food, absorbs nutrients
• Gizzard: Grinds food
• Crop: Stores food
• Seminal Vesicles: Store sperm
• Typhosole: Fold in intestine, increases surface area for digestion

Sea Stars: External Structures and Functions

• Madreporite: Sieve-like structure, water filter for water vascular system
• Entrance to Water Vascular System: Water enters for locomotion, feeding and respiration
• Spine: Hard structures for protection
• Skin Gills: Tube-like structures for respiration and waste removal
• Eyespot: At end of each arm, senses light and dark

Sea Stars: Internal Structures and Functions

• Ossicle: Calicified elements for endoskeleton
• Skeleton: Provides structure and protection
• Digestive Glands: Produce enzymes to break down food
• Gonads: Reproductive organs
• Cardiac Stomach: Everted to engulf and digest food outside the body
• Pyloric Stomach: Digestion continues after the cardiac stomach
• Stone Canal: Pumps water to tube feet in water vascular system
• Ring Canal: Encircles mouth, connects radial canals to stone canal
• Ampullae: Sacs control tube feet movement

External Structures of a Fetal Pig

• Umbilical Cord: Connects fetus to mother's placenta for nutrient and waste exchange
• Urogenital Papilla: Female, exit point for urinary and genital tracts
• Scrotum: Male, sac containing testes
• Anus: Exit point for waste from digestive system

Oral Cavity Structures

• Epiglottis: Flap covering trachea during swallowing, prevents food from entering lungs
• Hard Palate: Bony front of palate
• Soft Palate: Fleshy, flexible part towards back of mouth
• Tongue: Assists with taste, speech, and food manipulation
• Teeth: Chew and break down food

Respiratory Structures

• Trachea: Windpipe, connects pharynx, larynx and lungs
• Larynx: Voice box, contains vocal cords
• Lungs: Organs responsible for gas exchange
• Bronchus: Main passageway into lungs
• Diaphragm: Muscle for breathing

Digestive Structures

• Esophagus: Tube connecting throat and stomach
• Stomach: Major part of digestion occurs
• Small Intestine: Most nutrient absorption occurs
• Large Intestine: Absorbs water, forms feces
• Rectum: Final section of large intestine, terminating at anus
• Gall Bladder: Stores bile from liver
• Liver: Produces bile, detoxifies, produces blood clotting proteins
• Pancreas: Produces digestive enzymes and hormones
• Spleen: Filters blood, fights infections
• Cecum: Pouch connected to small and large intestine junction

Circulatory Structures

• Left/Right Atrium: Receives blood returning to heart
• Left/Right Ventricle: Pumps blood out of heart
• Aorta: Main artery, carries blood from heart to body
• Aortic Arch: Bend in aorta between ascending and descending aorta
• Coronary Artery: Supplies blood to heart muscle
• Vena Cava: Largest vein, carries blood from body to heart
• Pulmonary Artery: Carries deoxygenated blood from heart to lungs

Reproductive Structures

• Urogenital Opening: Exit point for genital and urinary systems
• Penis: Male reproductive organ
• Oviduct: Tube for egg/ovum transportation from ovary

Excretory Structures

• Kidney: Filters blood, produces urine
• Ureters: Tubes carrying urine from kidneys to bladder
• Urinary Bladder: Stores urine
• Urethra: Tube for urine from bladder to outside the body

Path of Blood from the Right Side of the Heart to the Aorta

• Blood enters right atrium from superior and inferior vena cava
• Moves to right ventricle via tricuspid valve
• Right ventricle pumps blood to lungs through pulmonary artery
• Blood oxygenates in lungs, returns to heart and enters left atrium
• Moves to Left ventricle through mitral valve
• Left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood to body through aorta

Main Structures of the Brain and Their Functions

• Cerebrum: Largest part, divided into hemispheres, controls voluntary actions, speech, senses, and thought processes
• Cerebellum: Back of brain, coordinates muscle movements, maintains posture and balance
• Diencephalon: Includes thalamus, hypothalamus, and pineal gland
  • Thalamus: Relays sensory information
  • Hypothalamus: Regulates body temperature, hunger, thirst, sleep, emotions and behavior
  • Pineal Gland: Produces melatonin, regulates sleep-wake cycles
• Brain Stem: Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
  • Midbrain: Controls eye movement, processes visual and auditory information
  • Pons: Controls breathing, transfers information between cerebrum and cerebellum
  • Medulla Oblongata: Controls involuntary functions like heart rate, blood pressure, digestion
• Corpus Callosum: Connects hemispheres allowing communication
• Pituitary Gland: Master gland, produces hormones controlling other glands
• Gyrus: Ridge
• Sulcus: Shallow groove

Four Lobes of the Cerebrum and Their Functions

• Frontal Lobe: Problem-solving, decision-making, planning, voluntary movement and speech
• Temporal Lobe: Processes auditory information, memory, speech, and language understanding
• Parietal Lobe: Processes sensory information, spatial sense and navigation
• Occipital Lobe: Responsible for vision