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Questions and Answers
What type of symmetry do sponges possess?
What is the primary function of collar cells in sponges?
Which of the following describes a nematocyst?
Cnidarians are characterized by how many germ layers?
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What types of coelom do insects and crustaceans possess?
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In which stage is the dominant phase in mosses found?
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What type of fruit is a peach classified as?
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In flowering plants, double fertilization results in the formation of which components?
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What germ layers do sponges possess?
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Which of the following describes the process by which two sperm are involved in fertilization?
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What is the primary function of root hairs in plants?
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Which type of symmetry do Cnidarians display?
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Which stage is dominant in ferns?
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In what type of coelom are insects and crustaceans classified?
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What is the main component formed in double fertilization that is 3n?
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How many germ layers do cnidarians have?
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Study Notes
Sponges
- Phylum Porifera
- Asymmetrical symmetry
- Two germ layers (diploblastic)
- Collar cells (choanocytes) - have flagella that beat to create water currents and filter food
-
Spicules - structural support made of calcium carbonate or silica
- Types: Calcareous spicules (calcium carbonate) and Siliceous spicules (silica)
Cnidarians
- Include jellyfish, sea anemones, and corals.
- Diploblastic
- Radial symmetry
-
Nematocysts - stinging cells used for prey capture and defense
- Harpoon-like structures that eject a toxin
- Two phases: Polyp and Medusa
- Polyp stage: sessile and tubular, with a mouth and tentacles facing up
- Medusa stage: free-floating, bell-shaped and with tentacles facing down
Phylum Arthropoda
- Includes insects and crustaceans
- Coelom: reduced, with a hemocoel
Alternation of Generations
- Gametophyte - haploid (n) stage, produces gametes (sperm and egg)
- Sporophyte - diploid (2n) stage, produces spores
Plant Life Cycles
- Mosses - Dominant stage is the gametophyte
- Ferns - Fronds are part of the sporophyte stage
- Pollen - male gametophyte, carries sperm to the egg
Plant Classifications
- Mosses - Nonvascular, no seeds, no flowers
- Ferns - Vascular, no seeds, no flowers
- Gymnosperms - Vascular, have seeds, no flowers
- Angiosperms - Vascular, have seeds, have flowers
Peach Fruit
- Simple fruit - develops from a single ovary
- Fleshy fruit - has a fleshy outer layer
Double Fertilization
- Two sperm involved in fertilization
- Sperm travels through the pollen tube
- Produces a 2n zygote (diploid embryo) and a 3n endosperm (triploid nutritive tissue)
Root Zones
- Zone 2 - Elongation Zone: Cells elongate, increasing root length
- Zone 3 - Maturation Zone: Cells differentiate into specific tissues
- Zone 4 - Root Hair Zone: Microscopic hairs increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption
- Area 5 - Root Cap: Protects the root tip as it grows through soil
Stem Structure
- Eudicot stem - vascular bundles arranged in a ring
- Monocot stem - vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem
-
Vascular tissues:
- Xylem - transports water and minerals up the stem
- Phloem - transports sugars and other organic molecules throughout the plant
Root Types
- Taproot - single, thick main root, with smaller lateral roots (eudicots)
- Fibrous root - many thin roots branching out from the base of the stem (monocots)
- Eudicot root - vascular bundles arranged in a star shape
- Monocot root - vascular bundles scattered in a ring.
Sponges
- Sponges are in the phylum Porifera and have asymmetrical symmetry.
- Sponges have two germ layers.
- Collar cells (choanocytes) are specialized cells with a flagellum and a collar of microvilli. They create water currents for feeding and filter food particles.
- A spicule is a structural element found in sponges, providing support and protection.
- Sponge spicules can be made of calcium carbonate (calcareous spicules), silica (siliceous spicules), or spongin (protein fibers).
Cnidarians
- Cnidarians include jellyfish, corals, sea anemones, and hydroids.
- Cnidarians have two germ layers.
- Cnidarians have radial symmetry.
- Nematocysts are stinging cells used for prey capture and defense. When triggered, they release a barbed thread that injects toxins.
- Cnidarians exist in two phases during their life cycle: polyp (sessile) and medusa (free-floating).
- Phylum Cnidaria
Arthropods
- Insects and crustaceans belong to the phylum Arthropoda.
- Arthropods have a coelom, but it is reduced and filled with blood called hemolymph.
Alternation of Generations
- Gametophyte stage is haploid (n) and produces gametes by mitosis.
- Sporophyte stage is diploid (2n) and produces spores by meiosis.
- In mosses, the dominant and prevalent stage is the gametophyte.
- In ferns, the fronds are part of the sporophyte stage.
- Pollen is the male gametophyte in seed-bearing plants.
Plant Classifications
- Mosses are nonvascular, seedless, and flowerless.
- Ferns are vascular, seedless, and flowerless.
- Gymnosperms are vascular, seed-bearing, and flowerless.
- Angiosperms are vascular, seed-bearing, and flowering.
Fruits and Seeds
- A peach is a simple, fleshy fruit.
Double Fertilization
- Double fertilization is a process unique to flowering plants where two sperm are involved in fertilization.
- Pollen tube is a structure produced by pollen that carries sperm to the egg.
- Double fertilization results in the formation of a diploid (2n) zygote and a triploid (3n) endosperm.
Root Anatomy
- Root zone 2 contains the zone of elongation where cells lengthen.
- Root zone 3 is the zone of maturation where cells differentiate into specialized tissues.
- Root zone 4 is the root cap which protects the root tip as it grows through the soil.
- Root hairs are extensions of epidermal cells that increase surface area for water and nutrient absorption.
- Area 5 is the region of the root that is involved in the synthesis of hormones and root development.
Stem Anatomy
- A eudicot stem has vascular bundles arranged in a ring.
- Monocot stem has vascular bundles scattered throughout the stem.
- Vascular tissue includes xylem for water transport and phloem for sugar transport.
Root Types
- Tap root is a single, central root with smaller lateral roots that develops from a eudicot.
- Fibrous root is a system of many small, branching roots that develops from a monocot.
- A eudicot root has a central vascular cylinder surrounded by a cortex.
- A monocot root has a central vascular cylinder surrounded by a cortex, but the vascular tissues are arranged in a ring instead of a cylinder.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the fascinating world of invertebrates including sponges, cnidarians, and arthropods. This quiz covers their characteristics, life cycles, and structural features. Dive deep into the details of phylum Porifera, Cnidaria, and Arthropoda, as well as the concept of alternation of generations.
