PSY1PAC: Week 3

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Questions and Answers

What is a primary function of honor culture?

Encouraging open communication between partners

Promoting non-violence in relationships

Maintaining social order through aggressive responses to insults (correct)

Fostering emotional vulnerability

What psychological mechanism supports adherence to honor norms among men?

Desire for emotional security

Support for women's independence

Need for dominance in relationships

Protection of self-worth through aggression (correct)

In honor cultures, how is women's infidelity generally perceived?

As irrelevant to honor concerns altogether

As a minor issue that can be overlooked

As a cause for increased gender equality

As more damaging to husbands' honor than men's infidelity (correct)

What tends to occur regarding men's responses to women's romantic rejection in honor cultures?

Men's aggressive responses are perceived as less inappropriate Signup and view all the answers

How might IPV prevention programs effectively address honor culture issues?

By raising awareness of the health and safety impacts of honor-based gender dynamics Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'pluralistic ignorance' refer to in the context of honor culture?

Everyone infers that others support aggressive norms despite privately opposing them Signup and view all the answers

What is a typical consequence of endorsing masculine honor beliefs among individuals?

Increased perception of women's romantic rejection as a threat to honor Signup and view all the answers

How do people in honor cultures generally view husbands who act aggressively towards unfaithful wives?

They are viewed less negatively than the wives Signup and view all the answers

What behaviors might women display in honor cultures to maintain their social standing?

Demonstrating sexual purity and loyalty Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following characteristics is generally associated with honor cultures?

Responses to perceived insults are often aggressive Signup and view all the answers

What best defines self-concept?

The collection of beliefs, perceptions, and ideas individuals have about themselves. Signup and view all the answers

How does personal identity primarily differ from social identity?

Personal identity is about individual characteristics, whereas social identity relates to group membership. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key component of cultural identity?

The identification with knowledge traditions and shared context with a cultural group. Signup and view all the answers

What is social identity associated with?

An individual’s knowledge of belonging to certain social groups. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes cultural identity according to the given definitions?

The identification with any type of traditionally transmitted information and knowledge. Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of interactions with others in developing self-concept?

They contribute to forming various internal beliefs and perceptions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the definition of sex in the context of gender identity?

Based solely on anatomical features and reproductive functions. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the concept of polyculturalism?

Individuals blend multiple cultural influences to form a cohesive identity. Signup and view all the answers

What factors influence the formation of a person’s gender identity?

Sociocultural factors and psychological aspects. Signup and view all the answers

How does multiculturalism affect adolescent well-being?

It fosters health and well-being through bicultural identity integration. Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic of sex/gender diversity recognition worldwide?

Efforts to decriminalize homosexuality and challenge binary gender assumptions. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary difference between sex and gender?

Sex is based on chromosomes, whereas gender is a social construct. Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of LGBTI individuals report hiding their sexuality or gender identity at work?

39% Signup and view all the answers

What mental health issue is reported to be three times more prevalent among LGBTI individuals compared to non-LGBTI individuals?

Depression Signup and view all the answers

At what age do LGBTI individuals, on average, come out to others?

19.6 years Signup and view all the answers

What term describes the experience of individuals with multiple minority identities resulting in compounded disadvantage?

Intersectionality Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following examples illustrates intersectionality?

A Black, Hispanic, lesbian, atheist American Signup and view all the answers

How do sex roles differ from gender roles?

Sex roles are biologically based while gender roles are socially constructed. Signup and view all the answers

What is the average age when LGBTI individuals typically engage in their first romantic relationship?

20.9 years Signup and view all the answers

What common issue contributes to poorer mental health in LGBTI individuals compared to non-LGBTI individuals?

Employment discrimination Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Acknowledgement of Country

La Trobe University recognizes the lands of Traditional Custodians in Australia and their connection to the land.
Committed to providing opportunities for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people through education and partnerships.

Learning Objectives

Differentiate two cultural identity definitions.
Understand concepts like sex, gender, gender identity, sexual orientation, and gender role ideology.
Explain intersectionality and its role in increasing disadvantage.
Identify cultural differences correlating with gender/sex role ideology.

Sexual Orientation

Defined as enduring emotional, romantic, and sexual attraction to others, independent of behavior.
Distinctions include:
- Heterosexuality: Attraction to the opposite sex.
- Homosexuality: Attraction to the same sex.
- Bisexuality: Attraction to both sexes.
- Pansexuality: Attraction regardless of sex/gender identity.
Sexual orientation identity develops typically through milestones, with individual variability.

Gender Differences in Sexual Orientation

Awareness of attraction occurs at an average age of 12.7 years; self-identification as LGB+ occurs around 17.8 years.
Women's sexual orientation may be more fluid than men's, with men typically reaching milestones earlier.

Gender Similarities Hypothesis

Research by Hyde indicates most gender differences in various domains (cognition, communication, etc.) are small or negligible, except for sexuality and physical aggression.
Critique of Hyde's conclusion includes:
- Small differences may significantly impact health and social issues.
- Need for understanding the context of gender differences across societies.
- Address potential essentialism due to binary gender assumptions.

Male Health and Help-Seeking

Men display reluctance to seek professional psychological help compared to women, often due to shame and fear.
Male gender norms promote emotional stoicism and resilience, discouraging open vulnerability.

Honor Culture and Intimate Partner Violence (IPV)

Approximately 30% of women experience IPV globally, with variations in statistics by country.
Honor culture involves aggressive responses to perceived threats to reputation, affecting both men and women’s behavior and societal expectations.
Men are expected to exhibit toughness and aggression, while women are expected to maintain sexual purity and loyalty.

Impact of Honor Culture on IPV

Honor culture can exacerbate IPV. Men may justify aggression against women who violate honor norms, and societal views may favor aggressive responses to rejection.
IPV prevention strategies should challenge honor-based gender dynamics to improve women's safety and health awareness.

IPV Prevention Recommendations

Programs can focus on increasing awareness of the dangers posed by honor norms.
Addressing pluralistic ignorance can help reduce aggressive behavior in honor cultures by enlightening men about the misalignment between aggressive norms and private opposition.

Cultural Identity

Cultural identity involves the connection and identification with specific ethnic or national cultures.
Multiculturalism promotes maintaining a bicultural identity, enhancing health and well-being, especially during adolescence.
Polyculturalism allows individuals to blend influences from multiple cultures, resulting in a polycultural identity associated with positive intercultural relationships.

Sex, Gender, and Gender Identity

Sex is defined by biological factors: chromosomes, anatomy, hormones, and reproductive functions; it exists on a continuum rather than a strict binary.
Intersex or sex diversity affects about 1-2% of the population due to atypical prenatal sexual development.
Gender is influenced by cultural definitions of male/female roles, with gender identity forming as early as age 3 and possibly evolving over time.
Global recognition of sex/gender diversity is increasing, leading to the decriminalization of homosexuality and a shift away from traditional binary gender norms.

Identity Concepts

Self-concept encompasses beliefs, perceptions, and ideas individuals hold about themselves, shaped by social interactions.
Identity comprises personal characteristics that distinguish an individual, including roles and responsibilities.
Social identity reflects an individual's involvement in specific social groups, encapsulating emotional significance and value of belonging, based on Tajfel's theory.

Cultural Identity Definitions

Cultural identity emerges from socioculturally transmitted knowledge and information, suggesting shared contexts among group members.
A significant number of LGBTI individuals conceal their identities in various settings: 39% at work, 42% at social events, 34% when accessing services.
Mental health issues among LGBTI people in Australia are concerning; experiences of abuse and depression are three times higher than non-LGBTI peers.

Intersectionality

Individuals often belong to multiple social categories (gender, sexual orientation, ethnicity, etc.), leading to complex identities.
Intersectionality highlights the compounded disadvantages individuals face when holding multiple minority identities, such as being a Black, Hispanic, lesbian, and atheist person.
Support resources are typically less accessible for those with intersecting minority statuses compared to single-identity groups.

Gender Constructs

Sex roles refer to biologically based behaviors and attitudes traditionally associated with males and females, such as childbearing and breastfeeding.
Gender roles reflect societal expectations and cultural norms regarding the behaviors considered appropriate for each gender.

Studying That Suits You

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Description

Explore the concepts of gender and norms in the context of psychology in this quiz based on Lecture 3. This material draws from Heine Chapter 6 and Guimond's 2008 work. Test your understanding of how social norms shape our perceptions of gender roles.