Gender Norms and Biological Differences
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Questions and Answers

What concept explains the poor performance of women on math tests, as demonstrated by Claude Steele?

  • Motivation deficit
  • Biological predisposition
  • Cognitive bias
  • Stereotype threat (correct)

    • In Steele's study, which factor contributed to the difference in performance between women in math and literature tests?

  • Variation in student motivation
  • The difficulty of the tests
  • Biological differences in aptitude
  • Stereotypes associated with the subjects (correct)

    • What did Steele find about women’s performance on difficult literature tests compared to math tests?

  • Women performed equally in both literature and math tests
  • Women performed worse than men in both tests
  • Women performed equally as well as men in literature but worse in math (correct)
  • Women performed better than men in both tests

    • What environmental factor influencing math performance is highlighted in the content?

    <p>Coursework and experience with math (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, how does stereotype threat affect women’s performance in math?

    <p>It creates anxiety that lowers their performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What argument does Norman Geschwind make regarding gender differences in math ability?

    <p>Prenatal exposure to testosterone may enhance math skills in boys. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is NOT supported by the content?

    <p>Women underperform in literature because of stereotype threat. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the distribution of performance among males and females according to the content?

    <p>There is a significant overlap in the performance ranges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main finding of Crandall's study regarding binge eating and popularity among women?

    <p>Women who binged at the mean level of the group were the most popular. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What specific norm is mentioned regarding language use that has been historically accepted?

    <p>Using 'he' or 'man' to refer to both genders. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Henley's research indicate about the interpretation of the generic 'he'?

    <p>Readers believed the character referred to was a man. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is most influential in the survival of offspring according to the provided information?

    <p>Paternal involvement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did the use of unbiased language have in Hamilton & Henley's study?

    <p>Female participants performed better on questions after hearing unbiased language. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Buss conclude about mate preferences across cultures?

    <p>Men seek physically attractive mates. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of anatomy textbook drawings had overtly masculine characteristics according to Giacomini et al. (1986)?

    <p>64% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the file drawer problem refer to in research concerning gender differences?

    <p>A bias towards highlighting studies that find gender similarities. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which consequence was observed when students read essays written using the generic 'he'?

    <p>Their recall of the content was poorer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the nature vs. nurture debate, which of the following refers to biological influences?

    <p>Nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one dimension over which females and males differ according to Myers?

    <p>Independence vs. connectedness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organization has taken a stance against sexist language in its publications?

    <p>American Psychological Association (APA) (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the research regarding norms in fraternities suggest about drinking behaviors?

    <p>Norms related to binge eating in women are also found in drinking behaviors. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about female mate preferences is prematurely assumed?

    <p>Beautiful women are more fertile than unattractive women. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenge exists when identifying the cause of gender differences?

    <p>Difficulty in distinguishing biology from environment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What societal constraint is mentioned regarding women's initiation of sex?

    <p>Cultural taboos (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What indicates that biology alone isn’t responsible for gender differences?

    <p>Gender differences appear only in adolescence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do mothers typically evaluate their daughters compared to their sons?

    <p>Mothers rate daughters more favorably despite equal performance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes the influence of values in gender differences research?

    <p>Values can shape the way research is framed. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way that societal influences can directly affect individuals?

    <p>Through government policies. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What crucial aspect about gender differences is emphasized in the content?

    <p>There are more differences within genders than between them. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major flaw in the research conducted by nineteenth-century scientists regarding gender differences?

    <p>They framed their research to anticipate desired results. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the phrasing of research questions potentially affect results?

    <p>It can influence the responses given by participants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario illustrates an indirect influence of societal factors on an individual?

    <p>Hearing about a job position from multiple sources. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of conformity did participants in Sherif's autokinetic effect study display?

    <p>Private acceptance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason for the difference in conformity rates between Sherif's and Asch's studies?

    <p>The clarity of physical reality in each study (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does social comparison theory suggest about human behavior?

    <p>In ambiguous situations, individuals seek social feedback (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Asch's study demonstrate concerning participants' beliefs?

    <p>Participants did not believe the answers they provided (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does normative social pressure have on individuals in a group setting?

    <p>It leads to increased public compliance to avoid rejection (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one key characteristic of social reality as discussed in the context of conformity?

    <p>It greatly influences behavior in the absence of objective standards (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Sherif's study, why couldn't participants ascertain the correctness of their judgments?

    <p>There were no clear physical reality cues available (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary focus of Schacter's 'Johnny Rocco' study?

    <p>The decision-making process about a fictitious delinquent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Confederate 2 in the group dynamic?

    <p>Always disagrees with the group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Reward power is a type of influence that provides positive reinforcement for change.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What four steps are necessary for contagion to take place?

    <ol> <li>Observer is motivated to behave in a certain way; 2. Observer knows how to perform the behavior and is not currently performing it; 3. Observer sees a model perform the behavior; 4. Observer performs the behavior.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

    The type of power that comes from having specialized knowledge is called ______ power.

    <p>Expert</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of power with their descriptions:

    <p>Coercive Power = Threats and punishment to force behavior change Reward Power = Positive reinforcement for desired behavior Legitimate Power = Power derived from a specific role or position Referent Power = Influence based on admiration and respect</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the enduring behaviors, ideas, and traditions shared by a large group of people?

    <p>Culture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gender refers solely to biological distinctions between male and female.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the social marker of biological sex referred to as?

    <p>Gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In many cultures, it is expected for men to avoid ___________ as part of societal norms.

    <p>makeup</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following behaviors would likely be considered a norm violation in an elevator?

    <p>Facing the back of the elevator (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their correct definitions:

    <p>Culture = Enduring behaviors and traditions shared by a group Norms = Shared expectations about how to behave Sex = Biological category based on genes and anatomy Gender = Social identity related to male and female characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Arab cultures, people are expected to stand very close when communicating.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Crandall's study focus on in relation to women and sororities?

    <p>Norms surrounding binge eating and body shape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor increases conformity among group members?

    <p>The size of the group (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Compliance involves genuinely accepting the belief of the group.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the change in behavior due to real or imagined group pressure?

    <p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Sherif's autokinetic effect study, participants were asked to judge whether a point of light had __________ over time.

    <p>moved</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following concepts to their definitions:

    <p>Conformity = Change in behavior due to group pressure Compliance = Acting in accordance without belief Acceptance = Genuine belief in group influence Group pressure = Influence exerted by a collective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the presence of dissenters have on conformity?

    <p>Decreases conformity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Ambiguous tasks typically lead to less conformity compared to unambiguous tasks.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes norms as a set of shared expectations about behavior?

    <p>Social norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Western cultures tend to conform __________ than Eastern cultures.

    <p>less</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group size does conformity increase with, according to research findings?

    <p>Up to five people (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Buss's research, what trait are men more likely to seek in a mate?

    <p>Physical attractiveness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Women are more likely to value economic resources in a mate than physical attractiveness.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'file drawer problem' refer to in gender research?

    <p>The tendency for studies reporting gender similarities to remain unpublished.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gender differences can be influenced by __________, which refers to biological factors.

    <p>nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following gender differences with their corresponding traits:

    <p>Morality = Independence vs. connectedness Aggression = Physical confrontations Math Ability = Problem-solving skills Verbal Ability = Communication skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception regarding women's preference for wealth in a mate?

    <p>Women seek wealth to ensure their children are protected (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Men and women from different cultures show more similarities in mate preferences than those from the same culture.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What factor makes it difficult to pinpoint the cause of gender differences?

    <p>The influence of both biology and the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The dimension over which females and males differ according to Myers is __________ vs. connectedness.

    <p>independence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which dimension is identified as influencing moral dilemmas between genders?

    <p>Independence vs. connectedness (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Carol Gilligan, on what basis do women primarily make moral decisions?

    <p>Compassion and care (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Men are generally reported to display more aggressive behavior than women.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Faye Crosby conclude about the reasoning used by males and females when faced with a moral dilemma?

    <p>Males and females use both case-based and justice-based reasoning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Men are arrested for violent crimes _____ more often than women in the US.

    <p>eight times</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the explanations for aggression with their descriptions:

    <p>Biological = Prenatal exposure to androgens may predispose aggression Environmental = Parents play more roughly with male children Social = Cultural norms may support aggressive behavior in men Psychological = Guilt about aggression may differ based on gender</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is supported regarding gender differences in aggression?

    <p>Women feel guilt about aggression more frequently than men. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gender differences in physical aggression disappear when both genders are equally provoked.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context do gender differences in aggression tend to disappear?

    <p>When the aggression is perceived as justified and the victim is anonymous.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The lack of empirical support for Gilligan's theory was highlighted by the findings of _____.

    <p>Faye Crosby</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a noted explanation for gender differences in aggression?

    <p>Cognitive factors (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which route to persuasion involves strong, compelling arguments and is used when individuals are motivated to think about an issue?

    <p>Central Route (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Primacy effect indicates that information presented last has a greater influence compared to other information.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of appeal is more effective when the audience is unaware of opposing arguments?

    <p>One-sided appeal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ effect describes the tendency for information presented first to have the most influence.

    <p>Primacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements of persuasion with their descriptions:

    <p>Credibility = The believability of the message source Discrepancy = The difference between the audience's beliefs and the message One-sided appeal = Presentation of arguments for only one side Recency effect = The influence of information presented last</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common approach to persuasion when the audience is distracted or busy?

    <p>Emotional cues and heuristics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Active experience leads to more durable attitude change compared to passive reception.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Name one factor that can enhance the perceived trustworthiness of a communicator.

    <p>Eye contact</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of the two-step flow of media influence?

    <p>Opinion leaders mediate media influence by affecting others. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Attitudes change consistently across all ages as people grow older.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the phenomenon where small initial compliance leads to larger acceptance in group dynamics?

    <p>Foot-in-the-door phenomenon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of persuasion, _________ disarms counterarguing and shifts focus away from the message.

    <p>distraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of media influence with their descriptions:

    <p>Opinion Leaders = Individuals who influence others' attitudes through media. Generational Influence = Older people keeping attitudes from youth. Lifelike Medium = Media that appears real and persuasive. Distraction = A method that reduces critical thinking.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which age-related explanation suggests that individuals retain their beliefs as they age?

    <p>Generational explanation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Media messages are more persuasive when they are presented through less lifelike mediums.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What strategy can stimulate people's thinking during a persuasive message?

    <p>Using rhetorical questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of attitude inoculation?

    <p>To strengthen resistance to future persuasive attacks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Challenging existing beliefs is a part of the strategy to strengthen personal commitment.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does weakly challenging existing attitudes have on individuals?

    <p>It strengthens their resistance to future persuasive appeals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When individuals are placed in a group, they may experience ________, which leads to a loss of self-awareness.

    <p>deindividuation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of group benefits mentioned in the content?

    <p>Groups accomplish tasks too difficult for individuals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following strategies to their descriptions:

    <p>Attitude inoculation = Preparing individuals to counter persuasive appeals Challenging beliefs = Developing counterarguments against strong persuasion Peer pressure inoculation = Protecting children from harmful social influences Diversity in groups = Increasing creativity and flexibility while enhancing information input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Presence of an outgroup is not considered a characteristic of groups.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What key factor characterizes a group?

    <p>Interdependence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Norms

    • There is a social norm in sororities for binge eating, with women who engage in the average amount of binge eating being the most popular.
    • Similar norms regarding drinking behavior are suspected in fraternities.
    • The generic use of "he" has been a norm for a long time, but research shows it can be misleading.
    • Use of the generic "he" has negative impacts on women's comprehension and recall of written material.
    • The American Psychological Association has forbidden sexist language in publications.

    Biology vs. Environment in Gender Differences

    • Men have historically been viewed as the norm in medicine and psychology.
    • Studies show that men are more likely to seek physical attractiveness in a mate, while women seek wealth and social status.
    • More differences exist between cultures than between genders.
    • It is premature to attribute gender differences solely to genetics.
    • The "file drawer problem" exists, where studies reporting gender similarity are less likely to be published.
    • Numerous studies have revealed more similarities than differences between genders.

    Morality

    • Men and women differ in their approach to morality, with men demonstrating more independence and women showing more connectedness.

    Spatial Ability

    • Some studies suggest that men may demonstrate superior spatial ability due to higher testosterone levels during prenatal development.
    • More compelling explanations for differences in spatial ability are environmental.

    Math Ability

    • Gender differences in math ability do not emerge until adolescence, and they have been declining in recent years, implying that biology alone cannot explain the differences.
    • Environmental factors, such as the number of math classes taken, play a significant role.
    • Stereotype threat can negatively affect women's performance on math tests.

    Verbal Ability

    • Girls are generally encouraged to be more verbally expressive.
    • Mothers rate their daughters higher in reading than sons, even when there is no observed gender difference in performance.

    Conformity

    • In ambiguous situations, individuals tend to rely on social reality as a source of information.
    • Social reality can be just as impactful on behavior as physical reality.
    • The autokinetic effect study (Sherif) demonstrates private acceptance, where individuals truly believe the group's judgments.
    • The line study (Asch) demonstrates public compliance, where individuals conform to the group's opinion but do not personally believe it.
    • Normative social pressure leads to conformity because individuals fear rejection or punishment for deviating from group norms.

    Culture and Norms

    • Culture: The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people, passed down across generations.
    • Norms: Shared expectations or rules for behavior in social settings.
    • Personal space: Cultural norms influence expectations of personal space, varying dramatically across cultures.
    • Gender norms: Norms also vary significantly between genders, often influenced by cultural expectations, such as acceptable behaviors (e.g., makeup for men vs. spitting for women).

    Sex vs. Gender

    • Sex: A biological category determined by genetics, anatomy, and reproductive function. All mammals are categorized as either male or female.
    • Gender: Social characteristics defining female and male, shaped by cultural interpretations of biological sex. All cultures recognize biological differences and use them for social differentiation.

    Crandall's study on binge eating

    • Crandall investigated binge eating norms among sororities.
    • Sororities are influential groups in some college women's lives.
    • Body shape and appearance play a significant role in sorority culture, impacting eating and dieting behaviors.
    • Sororities develop norms for eating, and deviations from these norms can lead to social rejection.

    Evolutionary Perspective on Mating Preferences

    • Parental investment theory posits that the sex investing more heavily in offspring (generally women) will be more selective in mate choices.
    • Father's involvement is crucial for offspring survival, particularly in early development.
    • Societal constraints discourage women from initiating sex.
    • Buss's cross-cultural research found men prefer physically attractive mates while women desire wealth and social status.
    • Cultural differences played a larger role than gender differences in mate preferences across different cultures.
    • The link between physical attractiveness and fertility is not always certain.

    The File Drawer Problem: Bias in Research

    • File Drawer Problem: Studies finding gender similarities often go unpublished and end up in researcher's files, leading to a publication bias towards gender differences.

    Gender Differences: Nature vs. Nurture

    • Nature vs. Nurture: Debating the influence of biology (nature, genes) versus environment (nurture, culture) in causing gender differences.
    • Morality: Gilligan's theory suggests women base moral decisions on compassion and care, while men use abstract principles of justice. However, research does not support this theory.

    Aggression: Gender Differences

    • Aggression: Males tend to be more physically aggressive than females in many cultures, both in childhood and adulthood.

    • Social and legal implications: Men are arrested for violent crimes more often than women.

    • Gender differences in aggression: Women express greater guilt about aggression, which may act as an inhibition.

    • Contextual factors: Gender differences in aggression disappear when the act is perceived as justified and when the victim is unknown.

    • Verbal Aggression: Gender differences in verbal aggression are less pronounced.

    • Explanations of Gender Differences in Aggression:*

    • Biology: Prenatal exposure to androgens (male sex hormones) potentially influences aggression.

    • Environment: Parental interaction styles (rough play) and societal expectations for boys and girls can shape aggression.

    Conformity and Compliance

    • Conformity: Changing behavior or beliefs due to real or imagined group pressure.
    • Compliance: Acting in accord with group pressure without genuine belief.
    • Acceptance: Genuinely accepting the group's influence.

    Sherif: Autokinetic Effect

    • Sherif's study used the autokinetic effect (illusory movement of a light in a dark room) to investigate conformity.
    • Participants' judgments of light movement converged when they were in a group, illustrating conformity.

    Asch: Line Length Experiment

    • Asch's research involved an unambiguous task (judging line length) with confederates providing incorrect answers.
    • Participants conformed to the group's incorrect answers, demonstrating conformity even on unambiguous tasks.

    Factors that influence conformity

    • Group Size: Conformity rises with up to five members but levels off further.
    • Ambiguity: Higher ambiguity increases conformity, but conformity can still occur in unambiguous situations.
    • Group Status: Groups with higher status exert stronger conformity pressures.
    • Presence of Dissenters: Conformity declines when one or more members dissent from the group.
    • Individual and Cultural Differences: Some evidence suggests women may conform more, but current research doesn't support it.
    • Western Cultures tend to conform less compared to Eastern cultures.

    The Deviant's Fate

    • Group Responses to Dissent: Groups may reject, ignore, or assign undesirable tasks to deviants who disagree.

    Power Sources for Conformity

    • Coercive Power: The ability to threaten or punish for non-compliance (e.g., parents, government).
    • Reward Power: Providing positive reinforcement for change (e.g., parents, social groups).
    • Legitimate Power: Power derived from position or role (e.g., juries, professors).
    • Expert Power: Power based on perceived knowledge or expertise (e.g., medical doctors).
    • Referent Power: Power stemming from admiration or liking (e.g., significant others).

    Conformity vs. Contagion

    • Contagion: Observing someone else's behavior influences you to behave similarly, even if you are already motivated to do so.
    • The LA Riots: Looting served as a catalyst for more looting, demonstrating contagion.
    • Steps Required for Contagion:
      • Motivation to perform the behavior
      • Knowledge of how to perform the behavior
      • Observing a model performing the behavior
      • Performing the behavior.
    • Stop sign violation: Observing someone run a stop sign increases the likelihood of the observer doing the same.

    Persuasion

    • Persuasion is the process of changing beliefs, attitudes, or behaviors through a message.
    • Petty and Cacioppo's Elaboration Likelihood Model proposes two routes to persuasion: central and peripheral.

    Central Route to Persuasion

    • This route is more effective when people are motivated and able to think critically about an issue.
    • Strong arguments are essential for persuasion to occur through the central route.
    • The central route involves systematic, analytical, thoughtful, and non-superficial processing.
    • Persuasion via the central route is durable and takes longer to occur.

    Peripheral Route to Persuasion

    • This route is more effective when people are distracted, uninvolved, or busy.
    • Persuasion through the peripheral route relies on creating feelings rather than strong arguments.
    • Heuristics, incidental cues, emotions, and quick judgments are key elements of the peripheral route.

    Who?

    • The credibility of the communicator is crucial in persuasion.
    • Believability is important, and the "sleeper effect" suggests that credibility can increase over time.
    • Perceived expertise is enhanced by speaking confidently.
    • Perceived trustworthiness is influenced by eye contact, arguing against one's self-interest, and speaking quickly.
    • Attractiveness and liking play a role, including physical attractiveness and similarity.

    Says What?

    • The persuasive message itself is critical.
    • Using reason or emotion depends on the context.
    • Good feelings can enhance persuasion.
    • Arousing fear can be effective but requires a clear message and a solution.
    • Message discrepancy can be influential, but it depends on the communicator's credibility.

    One-Sided versus Two-Sided Appeals

    • The effectiveness of one-sided versus two-sided appeals depends on the audience's agreement, awareness of opposing arguments, and likelihood to consider the opposition later.

    Primacy versus Recency

    • Primacy effect: Information presented first has more influence.
    • Recency effect: Information presented last sometimes has more influence, but this is less common than the primacy effect.

    By What Means?

    • Active experience strengthens attitudes more than passive reception.
    • Repetition and rhyming of a statement can increase fluency and believability.
    • Media influence often occurs through opinion leaders.
    • More lifelike media are generally more persuasive.

    To Whom?

    • Age plays a role in persuasion.
    • The life cycle explanation suggests that attitudes change with age.
    • The generational explanation suggests that attitudes remain consistent throughout life.
    • Involvement is crucial for persuasion to be successful.

    What are they thinking?

    • Forewarned is forearmed: People who are aware of persuasive attempts are more likely to counterargue.
    • Distraction can hinder counterarguing, allowing for persuasion to occur more easily.
    • Uninvolved audiences often rely on peripheral cues.
    • To stimulate thinking, use rhetorical questions, present multiple speakers, make people feel responsible, repeat the message, and get people's focused attention.

    Extreme Persuasion: How Do Cults Indoctrinate?

    • Cults are groups characterized by distinctive rituals, beliefs centered around a god or person, isolation from other cultures, and a charismatic leader.
    • Attitudes often follow behavior.
    • Compliance breeds acceptance: Initiates become active members, increasing their commitment.
    • The foot-in-the-door phenomenon involves gradual induction into the group.
    • Persuasive elements such as the communicator, message, and audience contribute to indoctrination.
    • Group effects, such as social implosion, play a role in isolating members and strengthening the group's influence.

    How Can Persuasion Be Resisted?

    • Strengthening personal commitment through critical thinking and developing counterarguments can help resist persuasion.
    • Attitude inoculation involves exposing people to weak attacks on their beliefs so they can better counter stronger attacks in the future.
    • Real-life applications include inoculating children against peer pressure and the influence of advertising.
    • Prepare others to counter persuasive appeals by providing them with counterarguments and information.
    • An ineffective appeal can be worse than none, so it is important to be mindful of the potential negative effects of weak attempts at persuasion.
    • Weakening existing attitudes through mild challenges can help strengthen them against stronger attacks.

    Groups

    • A group consists of two or more people who interact and influence one another.
    • Interdependence is a crucial element of groups.
    • Groups can outperform individuals, as demonstrated by Henry Ford's use of the assembly line.
    • Groups feel similar to one another and often have a sense of an outgroup.

    What Groups Do

    • Groups provide safety in numbers, help find food, and accomplish complex tasks that are difficult for individuals.
    • Cultural groups help preserve information and pass it down to future generations.
    • Groups benefit from role differentiation and division of labor.

    Diversity in Groups

    • Diversity in groups can be beneficial, providing greater creativity, flexibility, and access to diverse information.
    • Diversity can also make cooperation and teamwork more challenging.

    Groups, Roles, and Selves

    • Complementary roles within a group lead to better outcomes than having everyone do the same thing.
    • Human roles function within larger systems, where most people perform different tasks.
    • Deindividuation refers to the loss of self-awareness and individual accountability in a group setting.

    Characteristics of Groups

    • Groups are characterized by interaction, structure, goals, groupness, and a shared sense of identity.

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    Persuasion & Groups Notes PDF

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    Explore the complex interplay between social norms and biological factors in shaping gender differences. This quiz covers topics such as binge eating in sororities, attitudes towards attractiveness inmates, and the impact of language on comprehension. Delve into the nuances of how cultural contexts influence gender perceptions.

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