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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of the musculoskeletal system?
What type of muscle is attached to bones by tendons?
What is the main component of bones that gives them strength and flexibility?
What type of joint allows for movement in multiple directions?
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What is the term for the study of the musculoskeletal system?
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What is the primary function of tendons?
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What is the term for the movement of a joint away from the midline of the body?
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What is the condition characterized by weakened bones, increasing the risk of fractures?
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What is the process by which semen containing sperm is expelled from the penis during sexual climax?
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What is the female reproductive organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy?
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What is the term for the fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell to form a zygote?
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What is the term for the monthly hormonal cycle in females, involving the release of an egg, preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, and shedding of the uterine lining?
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Study Notes
Musculoskeletal System
- Composed of bones, muscles, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage
- Primary functions: provide support, allow movement, protect vital organs, produce blood cells, and store minerals like calcium and phosphorus
Structure and Function of Bones
- Rigid organs making up the skeletal system
- Provide structure, protect internal organs, and serve as attachment points for muscles
- Made up of collagen and calcium phosphate for strength and flexibility
- Types of bones: long bones (e.g., femur), short bones (e.g., carpals), flat bones (e.g., skull), and irregular bones (e.g., vertebrae)
Structure and Function of Muscles
- Tissues that contract to produce movement
- Three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth, and cardiac
- Skeletal muscles: attached to bones by tendons, under voluntary control
- Smooth muscles: found in organs and blood vessels, under involuntary control
- Cardiac muscles: found in the heart, under involuntary control
Joints and Movement
- Joints: where two or more bones meet, allowing for movement
- Types of joints: ball and socket (e.g., shoulder joint), hinge (e.g., elbow joint), pivot (e.g., neck joint), and gliding (e.g., wrist joint)
- Movements at joints: flexion (bending), extension (straightening), abduction (moving away from the midline), adduction (moving toward the midline), rotation, and circumduction
Common Musculoskeletal Disorders
- Arthritis: inflammation of one or more joints, leading to pain and stiffness
- Osteoporosis: weakened bones, increasing risk of fractures
- Sprains and Strains: injuries to ligaments (sprains) or muscles/tendons (strains) due to overstretching or tearing
Maintaining Musculoskeletal Health
- Regular exercise: strengthens muscles and bones, improves flexibility, and maintains joint health
- Proper nutrition: adequate intake of calcium, vitamin D, and other nutrients essential for bone health
- Good posture: helps prevent musculoskeletal problems and maintains spine alignment
- Avoiding harmful habits: such as smoking, which can weaken bones and impair healing of injuries
Male Reproductive System
- Testes: produce sperm and testosterone
- Epididymis: structure where sperm mature and are stored
- Vas Deferens: tube that carries mature sperm from the epididymis to the urethra during ejaculation
- Seminal Vesicles, Prostate Gland, and Bulbourethral Glands: produce seminal fluid, which nourishes and transports sperm
- Penis: male organ for sexual intercourse and urination
- Ejaculation: process by which semen containing sperm is expelled from the penis during sexual climax
Female Reproductive System
- Ovaries: produce eggs (ova) and hormones estrogen and progesterone
- Fallopian Tubes: carry eggs from ovaries to uterus; site of fertilization
- Uterus (Womb): organ where a fertilized egg implants and develops into a fetus during pregnancy
- Cervix: lower part of the uterus that connects to the vagina
- Vagina: birth canal and organ of sexual intercourse
- Menstrual Cycle: monthly hormonal cycle in females, involving the release of an egg, preparation of the uterus for pregnancy, and shedding of the uterine lining (menstruation) if pregnancy does not occur
Reproductive Processes
- Fertilization: fusion of a sperm cell with an egg cell to form a zygote
- Pregnancy: development of a fetus in the uterus following fertilization
- Labor and Childbirth: process of expelling the fetus from the uterus
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Description
The musculoskeletal system comprising bones, muscles and other tissues has various functions including providing support, movement and protection. Understand the structure and functions of bones, muscles and other components.
