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Questions and Answers
What is the primary function of cardiac muscles?
Which type of muscle is responsible for the movement of body parts?
What is the term for the ability of muscles to respond to a stimulus such as a nerve impulse?
Which of the following is NOT a property of muscles?
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What is the main function of smooth muscles in the body?
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What is the approximate number of muscles that make up the muscular system?
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What is the term for the movement of a body part towards the midline?
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What is the term for a tough, sheetlike membrane that covers and protects tissue?
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What is the term for the end of a muscle that does not move when the muscle contracts?
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What is the term for the movement of a body part in a circular motion at a joint?
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What is the term for a strong, tough connective tissue cord that attaches a muscle to a bone?
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What is the term for the movement of a body part that increases the angle between two bones?
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What is the purpose of the skeleton in providing a protective framework to organisms?
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Which of the following is an example of an exoskeleton?
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What is the name of the muscle that is triangular in shape?
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What is the function of tendons?
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Which of the following is an example of a ligament?
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What is the name of the muscle that has two heads?
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What is the primary function of osteoclasts in the growth and repair of bones?
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What is the characteristic shape of flat bones?
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Which of the following bones is NOT part of the axial skeleton?
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What is the function of tendons in the human body?
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What is the approximate number of bones in the human axial skeleton?
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What is the main function of cartilage in the human body?
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What is the process by which the fontanel closes by the age of 18 months?
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What is the abnormal curvature of the spine that results in a 'humpback' or 'round back' condition?
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What is the term for the roof of the oral cavity?
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What is the function of the zygomatic bones?
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During expiration, what is the movement of the ribs?
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What is the function of the vertebral column?
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Study Notes
Classification of Bones
- Based on location: axial bones (located in the median axis of the body) and appendicular bones (located at the sides of the body)
- Axial bones: skull, hyoid bone, vertebral column, sternum, and ribcage
- Appendicular bones: girdles, forelimbs, and hind limbs
Classification of Bones Based on Shape
- Long bones: elongated and cylindrical
- Irregular bones: small and cubed
- Short bones: varied shapes that permit connections with other bones
- Flat bones: circular in shape
- Round bones: small and cubed
Components of Skeleton
- Cartilage: flexible connective tissue found in many areas of the human body
- Osteoblast: responsible for secreting matrix, ostein
- Osteoclast: performs bone reabsorption, breaking down bone and depositing calcium and phosphate in the blood
Regional Distribution of the Human Skeleton
- Axial skeleton (80 bones): skull, vertebral column, sternum, and ribcage
- Appendicular skeleton (126 bones): upper and lower limbs, girdles, and pelvis
Skull
- Cranium: 8 bones that form the braincase
- Face: 4 bones that form the facial structure
- Hyoid bone: 1 bone that serves as the attachment point for muscles and ligaments
- Ossicles: 6 bones that make up the middle ear
- Fontanel: a soft spot on the skull that closes by the age of 18 months through intramembranous ossification
Vertebral Column
- Functions: protects and encloses the spinal cord, gives rigidity to the body, supports the head and trunk, and allows for movement
- Abnormal curvatures: lordosis (inward curvature), kyphosis (outward curvature), and scoliosis (sideward curvature)
Muscles
- Types: cardiac, smooth, and skeletal muscles
- Cardiac muscles: form the wall of the heart and are responsible for its contraction
- Smooth muscles: muscles that act on the lining of the body's passageways and hollow internal organs
- Skeletal muscles: muscles attached to bone that cause body movements
Properties of Muscles
- Excitability: the ability to respond to a stimulus
- Contractility: the ability to contract and cause movement
- Extensibility: the ability to be stretched
- Elasticity: the ability to return to its original shape after contraction or stretching
Functions of Skeletal Muscles
- Produce movement and maintain posture
- Protect internal organs
- Produce heat and energy
Methods of Attachment to Bones
- Tendon: a strong, tough connective tissue cord that attaches muscles to bones
- Fascia: a tough, sheet-like membrane that covers and protects tissue
Movement of Muscles
- Adduction: moving a body part toward the midline
- Abduction: moving a body part away from the midline
- Flexion: decreasing the angle between two bones
- Extension: increasing the angle between two bones
- Rotation: turning a body part around its own axis
- Circumduction: moving in a circle at a joint
Naming of Muscles
- Based on size, shape, direction of fibers, location, and number of origins
- Examples: vastus (huge), maximus (large), deltoid (triangular), and rectus (straight)
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Description
Test your knowledge of the musculoskeletal system, including the skeletal and muscular systems, types of muscles, and their functions. Learn about cardiac, smooth, and other types of muscles and their roles in the body.
