Introduction to Syntax Lecture 9
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Questions and Answers

Match the following Japanese words with their English meanings:

gakusei = student senseiga = teacher tegamio = letter ni = to

Match the following Japanese word order with its description:

SOV = Subject-Object-Verb SVO = Subject-Verb-Object OSV = Object-Subject-Verb VSO = Verb-Subject-Object

Match the types of nouns with their definitions:

Common noun = Something you can see or touch Proper noun = The name of a specific person or place Mass noun = Cannot be counted individually Collective noun = Names a group of individuals

Match the following content word classes with examples:

<p>Nouns = Tree, cat, star Verbs = Run, swim, write Adjectives = Beautiful, tall, strong Adverbs = Quickly, silently, well</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word classes to their characteristics:

<p>Content words = Carry descriptive content Function words = Provide grammatical structure Adjectives = Describe properties or qualities Prepositions = Indicate relationships between nouns</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following examples with their noun types:

<p>Tree = Common noun James = Proper noun Water = Mass noun Team = Collective noun</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following English terms with their Japanese equivalents:

<p>Teacher = Senseiga Student = Gakusei Letter = Tegamio To = Ni</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of sentence structure:

<p>Subject = The doer of the action Object = The receiver of the action Verb = The action being performed Adverbial = Modifies the verb</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the Japanese sentence parts with their English roles:

<p>Senseiga = Teacher Gakusei = Student Tegamio = Letter Ni = To</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the examples with their corresponding grammatical terms:

<p>That book is interesting. = Adjective usage I sent her the letter. = Ditransitive verb I give the ball to the girl. = Sentence structure That food is spicy. = Adjective usage</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the language with its corresponding prepositional phrase:

<p>Polish = bez niego Greek = en tei polei Turkish = benim ile Chinese = zhuōzi shàng</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of adverb with its function:

<p>Time = Yesterday we took a nap Place = He is walking downstairs Manner = She plays the piano well Degree/intensity = He’s very skilled</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the verbs to their appropriate usage type:

<p>Quickly = Manner Yesterday = Time Very = Degree/intensity Inside = Place</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the conjunction with the provided example:

<p>Ditransitive verb = I sent her the letter Adjective = That food is spicy Direct object = the ball Indirect object = the girl</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the adverbial phrase with its language:

<p>ghar men = Hindi huis toe = Afrikaans de bank op = Dutch smed tæppet ud = Danish</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the structure to its description:

<p>Direct object: 'the letter' = Used in Ditransitive verbs Indirect object: 'her' = Recipient of the action Adverb: 'sadly' = Describes the verb Adverbs: 'quickly' = Describes manner</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the languages with their examples of indirect objects:

<p>Afrikaans = Ek gee die meisie die dal Korean = Ku pap-i maypta Japanese = ie kara French = Je donne le livre à Marie</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of adpositions to their definitions:

<p>Prepositions = Words that link nouns, pronouns, or phrases Postpositions = Follow their complement Adverbs = Modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs Conjunctions = Connect clauses or sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following terms with their definitions:

<p>Descriptive adequacy = A theory that accurately describes the grammatical structures of a language Explanatory adequacy = A theory that explains why a language is structured the way it is Learnability = The ease with which a child can acquire language Universal Grammar (UG) = A set of principles shared by all human languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following components of the Innateness Hypothesis:

<p>Biologically available = Aspects of language competence present at birth Not acquired = Competence that is innate and not learned through experience Genetic inheritance = Language principles passed down through genetics Universal = Same principles found in all languages around the world</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following theories with their descriptions:

<p>Minimalist Syntax = The most recent model within the Generative approach Innateness Hypothesis = The idea that children are born with language principles Adequately constrained theory = A theory limited in its descriptive capabilities Linguistic competence = The innate knowledge of language rules and structures</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following principles of UG with their meanings:

<p>Descriptively adequate theory = A framework that describes how languages function Explanatory adequate theory = A framework that provides reasons for language structures Condition of learnability = Requirements that make language acquisition possible Economical theory = A theory that uses the least complexity to explain language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following aspects of UG with their characteristics:

<p>Set of principles = Guides language acquisition Genetically-determined = Principles are inherited rather than learned Universal application = Principles apply to all human languages Competence = Knowledge of language rules innate to humans</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of language theories with their characteristics:

<p>Descriptive theory = Focuses on how languages are actually used Explanatory theory = Focuses on the reasons behind language structures Prescriptive theory = Focuses on how languages should be used Comparative theory = Analyzes differences and similarities between languages</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following hypotheses with their implications:

<p>Innateness Hypothesis = Children have language capabilities from birth Poverty of the stimulus = Children can learn languages despite limited exposure Critical period hypothesis = There is a time frame for optimal language learning Social interaction hypothesis = Language develops through social interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following elements of language with their functions:

<p>Pragmatics = Study of language usage in context Syntax = Study of sentence structure Phonetics = Study of sound in language Semantics = Study of meaning in language</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following statements regarding language acquisition with their traits:

<p>Fast mapping = Quickly learning meanings of new words Overgeneralization = Applying language rules too broadly Corrective feedback = Responses given to children to correct language use Bilingual advantage = Benefits of knowing multiple languages during acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of articles with their descriptions:

<p>Indefinite article = a/an Definite article = the Interrogative article = What? Demonstrative article = This/That</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following demonstrative pronouns with their examples:

<p>This = Close singular reference These = Close plural reference That = Far singular reference Those = Far plural reference</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following quantifiers with their definitions:

<p>All = Entire quantity Some = An unspecified quantity No = Zero quantity Both = Two items</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following types of pronouns with their descriptions:

<p>Personal pronouns = Replace a noun Possessive pronouns = Indicate ownership Relative pronouns = Introduce relative clauses Demonstrative pronouns = Point to specific things</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following conjunctions with their types:

<p>And = Coordinating conjunction But = Coordinating conjunction Although = Subordinating conjunction Because = Subordinating conjunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sentences with the correct pronoun type:

<p>I like you = Personal pronoun This is my book = Possessive pronoun The book which I’m reading is interesting = Relative pronoun Which dog did you see? = Interrogative pronoun</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following pronoun examples with their functions:

<p>He = Personal pronoun Your = Possessive pronoun Whose = Interrogative pronoun That = Demonstrative pronoun</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following sentences with their correct interrogative forms:

<p>Did she eat the chocolates? = Declarative turned interrogative What fruit do you like? = Interrogative form He heard that. = Declarative Did they promise to come? = Interrogative form</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following quantifiers with their uses:

<p>All = Used for entire groups Some = Used for indefinite amounts Five = Specific number No = Negation of quantity</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases with their descriptions:

<p>Driving to the office = Present continuous action Understand the work = Verb phrase The cat = Noun phrase Styling web pages = Client-side scripting</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following word classes with their examples:

<p>Verb = Understand Determiner = The Noun = Work Adjective = Styling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following constituency tests with their descriptions:

<p>Substitution test = Replacing constituents with other elements Coordination test = Combining similar constituents Sentence fragment test = Using incomplete sentences as tests Dependency test = Assessing relationships between words</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrase structure rules with their corresponding phrases:

<p>VP = V NP NP = Det N PP = NP P AdjP = Adj</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following syntactic units with their examples:

<p>Constituent = The plants Phrasal complement = The work Head of phrase = Understand Modifier = Styling</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the following phrases with their types:

<p>I drive now = Simple sentence The cats played = Noun phrase They will do so = Substitution phrase Understand the work = Verb phrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction to Syntax

  • Syntax is the study of sentence structure
  • Syntax is the part of grammar that deals with the arrangement of words in sentences.

Lectures

  • Lecture 9 focuses on principles and parameters of languages, specifically those related to the Innateness Hypothesis.

Innateness Hypothesis

  • The Innateness Hypothesis states that certain aspects of language are "known" without prior language experience.
  • These innate aspects are biologically available, present at birth, not acquired, part of genetic inheritance, and universal.
  • UG Principles are genetically determined principles that guide children in acquiring a first language.

Universal Grammar (UG)

  • UG contains a set of principles that are universal across all languages.
  • However, UG does not imply that all languages are grammatically identical.
  • Languages have parameters, which are variations within universal principles that account for language differences.

Word Classes

  • Content words are words that carry descriptive meaning.
  • Content words include nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and prepositions.
  • Nouns, verbs, and adjectives are found in all human languages.
  • Prepositions are words that express spatial or temporal relationships.
  • Examples of prepositions: on, under, in, beside.

Nouns

  • Nouns represent people, places, things, and abstract concepts.
  • Common nouns are general terms for objects.
  • Proper nouns refer to specific people, places, or things.
  • Mass nouns refer to substances or things that cannot be counted individually.

Verbs

  • Verbs express actions, states, or events.
  • Transitive verbs require a direct object.
  • Intransitive verbs do not require a direct object.
  • Ditransitive verbs require both a direct and an indirect object.

Phrase Structure

  • Words combine to form phrases, which are syntactic units.
  • Constituents are groups of words that function as a single unit in a sentence.
  • Constituency tests are used to determine whether a group of words forms a constituent.
  • Substitution tests involve replacing a constituent with another element.
  • Coordination tests involve joining two constituents with conjunctions (and, but, or).

Determiners

  • Determiners are words that precede nouns, modifying their meaning.
  • They specify quantity, definiteness, or proximity.
  • Examples of determiners: the, a, an, this, these, that, those.

Pronouns

  • Pronouns are functional words that replace nouns.
  • Different types of pronouns include personal, possessive, relative, demonstrative, and interrogative.
  • Personal pronouns express person and number.
  • Examples of personal pronouns: I, you, he, she, it, we, they.

Conjunctions

  • Conjunctions link words, phrases, or clauses.
  • Coordinating conjunctions (and, or, but) join similar grammatical units.

Postpositions

  • Postpositions are similar to prepositions, but they follow the noun phrase they modify.
  • Examples of postpositions: in, on, with, from, to.

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Description

Explore the principles and parameters of language in Lecture 9 of Introduction to Syntax. This quiz delves into the Innateness Hypothesis and Universal Grammar concepts. Test your understanding of how innate aspects of language affect sentence structure and acquisition.

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