Introduction to Sociology
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Questions and Answers

What is the scientific and systematic study of groups and group interactions, societies, and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups?

Sociology

What are laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life?

Social facts

What is a group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with one another, and who share a common culture?

Society

What is the scientific study of social patterns?

<p>Positivism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ability to understand the relationship between one's personal experiences and the larger social forces that shape them?

<p>Sociological imagination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Auguste Comte believe that sociologists could address?

<p>Education and poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

What work did Harriet Martineau translate from French to English?

<p>The Course in Positive Philosophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

Karl Marx believed that societies grow as a result of struggles of different social and political classes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What book did Herbert Spencer publish in 1873?

<p>The Study of Sociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emile Durkheim focused on sociological study of objective social facts.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did George Herbert Mead focus on?

<p>How the mind and the self are developed as a result of social processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what work did Max Weber use the term verstehen?

<p>The Nature of Social Action</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of sociology uses statistical methods such as surveys with large numbers of participants?

<p>Quantitative Sociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What kind of sociology seeks to understand human behavior by learning about it through in-depth interviews, focus groups, and analysis of content sources, like books, magazines, journals, and popular media?

<p>Qualitative Sociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

W.E.B. Dubois's 1896-1897 study of the African American community in Philadelphia incorporated hundreds of interviews.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Du Bois played a prominent role in the effort to increase rights for Black people.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Du Bois believed that Black leaders should be more accommodating of racism.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What movement did Du Bois become a leader of?

<p>The Niagara Movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

What organization did Du Bois help to found?

<p>The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory explains how each part of society functions together to contribute to the functioning of the whole?

<p>Structural functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory analyzes how inequalities and inequalities contribute to social, political, and power differences, and how they perpetuate power?

<p>Conflict theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory focuses on the way one-to-one interactions and communications behave?

<p>Symbolic Interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to shared beliefs, values, and practices?

<p>Culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the objects or belongings of a group of people?

<p>Material culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the ideas, attitudes, and beliefs of a society?

<p>Nonmaterial culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the patterns or traits that are globally common to all societies?

<p>Cultural universals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the practice of evaluating another culture according to the standards of one's own culture?

<p>Ethnocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an experience of personal disorientation when confronted with an unfamiliar way of life?

<p>Culture shock</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the deliberate imposition of one's own cultural values on another culture?

<p>Cultural imperialism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the practice of assessing a culture by its own standards?

<p>Cultural relativism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a belief that another culture is superior to one's own?

<p>Xenocentrism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are a culture's standard for discerning what is good and just in society?

<p>Values</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a way to authorize or formally disapprove of certain behaviors?

<p>Sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a way to encourage conformity to cultural norms?

<p>Social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are visible and invisible rules of conduct through which societies are structured?

<p>Norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are casual behaviors that are generally and widely conformed to?

<p>Informal norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are established written rules?

<p>Formal norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

What provide communication methods to understanding experiences by conveying recognizable meanings that are shared by societies?

<p>Symbols</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a system that uses symbols with which people communicate and though which culture is transmitted?

<p>Language</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the idea that people experience their world through their language, and understand their world through the cultural meanings embedded in their language?

<p>Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are people that are apart of the larger culture but also shares a specific identity within a smaller group?

<p>Subcultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What rejects some of the larger culture's norms and values and can actively defy larger society by developing their own set of rules and norms to live by?

<p>Countercultures</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the process through which people are taught to be proficient members of a society?

<p>Socialization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to a person's distinct identity that is developed through social action?

<p>Self</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the common behavioral expectations of general society?

<p>Generalized other</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the way people learn what society considers to be good and bad?

<p>Moral development</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some experts believe that who we are is a result of nurture, the relationships and caring that surround us.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Some experts believe that who we are is based entirely on genetics.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the major social group agents/agents of socialization?

<p>Family, peer group, school, workplace, religion, and media</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a collection of at least two people who interact with some frequency and who share some sense of aligned identity?

<p>Group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are small, informal groups of people who are closest to us, typically longer term relationships?

<p>Primary groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are larger groups, less personal, maybe temporary?

<p>Secondary groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a group function that serves an emotional need?

<p>Expressive function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a group function that is oriented towards a task or goal?

<p>Instrumental function</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a group a person belongs to and feels is an integral part of their identity?

<p>In-group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a group of which an individual is not a member?

<p>Out-group</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are groups to which individuals compare themselves?

<p>Reference groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the extent to which individuals comply with group or societal norms?

<p>Conformity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the application of the fast-food, mass production, or big-box store model to other aspects of society?

<p>Mcdonaldization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a violation of established contextual, cultural, or social norms, whether folkways, mores, or codified law?

<p>Deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the regulation and enforcement of norms?

<p>Social control</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an arrangement of practices and behaviors on which society's members base their daily lives?

<p>Social order</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the means of enforcing rules?

<p>Sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are rewards given for conforming to norms?

<p>Positive sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are punishments for violating norms?

<p>Negative sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emerge in face-to-face social interactions?

<p>Informal sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are ways to officially recognize and enforce norm violations?

<p>Formal sanctions</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the ascribing of a deviant behavior to another person by members of society?

<p>Labeling theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a violation of norms that does not result in any long-term effects on the individual's self-image or interactions with others?

<p>Primary deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when a person's self-concept and behavior begin to change after his or her actions are labeled as deviant by members of society?

<p>Secondary deviance</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a label that describes the chief characteristic of an individual?

<p>Master status</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a behavior that violates official law and is punishable through formal sanctions?

<p>Crime</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are based on the use of force or the threat of force?

<p>Violent crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What involve the destruction or theft of property but do not use force or the threat of force?

<p>Nonviolent crimes</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a system that has the authority to make decisions based on the law?

<p>Court</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is charged with supervising individuals who have been arrested, convicted, and sentenced for a criminal offense, plus people detained while awaiting hearings, trials, or other procedures?

<p>Correction system</p> Signup and view all the answers

Crime is a social construction.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory suggests that individuals can respond to societal pressure to achieve culturally valued goals through five modes of adaptation?

<p>Merton's Strain theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory asserts that crime is most likely to occur in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control?

<p>Social disorganization theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What looks to social and economic factors as the causes of crime and deviance?

<p>Marx's conflict theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to how likely research results are to be replicated if the study is reproduced?

<p>Reliability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to how well the study measures what it was designed to measure?

<p>Validity</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to the systematic study of how humans manage issues of health and illness, disease and disorders, and healthcare for both the sick and healthy?

<p>Medical sociology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are illnesses that are discriminated against and whose sufferers are looked down upon or even shunned upon society?

<p>Stigmatized illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the causes and distribution of diseases?

<p>Social Epidemiology</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are feelings of worry and fearfulness that last for months at a time?

<p>Anxiety disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are long-term, debilitating illnesses like depression and bipolar disorder?

<p>Mood disorders</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a reduction in one's ability to perform everyday tasks?

<p>Disability</p> Signup and view all the answers

What describes the physical limitations, while reserving the term disability to refer to the social limitation?

<p>Impairment</p> Signup and view all the answers

What means that their identity is spoiled; they are labeled as different, discriminated against, and sometimes even shunned?

<p>Stigmatization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are adjustments or modifications made to allow individuals with disabilities fully participate in society?

<p>Accommodations</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is health insurance that is funded or provided by the government?

<p>Public healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is health insurance that a person buys from a private company; private healthcare can either be employer-sponsored or direct purchase?

<p>Private healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs when the government owns and runs the entire healthcare system?

<p>Socialized medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a system that guarantees healthcare coverage for everyone?

<p>Universal healthcare</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the act of a couple sharing a residence while they are not married?

<p>Cohabitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the act of being married to only one person at a time?

<p>Monogamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the state of being committed or married to more than one person at a time?

<p>Polygamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the act of entering into a marriage while still married to another person?

<p>Bigamy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a socially recognized group (usually joined by blood, marriage, cohabitation, or adoption) that forms an emotional connection and serves as an economic unit of society?

<p>Family</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the family to which a person is born?

<p>Family of orientation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a family that is formed through marriage?

<p>Family of procreation</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are married parents and children as the nucleus, or core, of the group?

<p>Nuclear family</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a household that includes at least one parent and child as well as other relatives like grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins?

<p>Extended family</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a family where a single adult is responsible for raising children, without a spouse or live-in partner to share that responsibility?

<p>Single-parent family</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a family formed when two adults marry and bring children from previous relationships into the household, creating a stepfamily where some children are not biologically related to one or both parents?

<p>Blended family</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a temporary caregiver household that takes in children who are unable to live with their biological parents due to circumstances like abuse, neglect, or family crisis, providing them with a safe living environment until they can be returned home or placed with a permanent guardian?

<p>Foster family</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refers to any form of childcare provided by someone other than a child's biological parents, including foster care, daycare, or grandparents acting as caregivers?

<p>Non-parental care</p> Signup and view all the answers

31% of same-sex couples are raising children, which is significantly different from the percentage of opposite-sex couples who are parents, estimated at around 43%.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

What views the family as a vital social institution that performs essential functions for society, like socializing children, providing emotional support, and regulating sexual activity?

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What emphasizes power dynamics within families, seeing family members as competing for resources and status, with potential for conflict arising from unequal power distribution?

<p>Conflict theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What focuses on gender inequality within families, analyzing how traditional gender roles perpetuate women's subordination and advocating for more equitable family structures?

<p>Feminist theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analyzes family interactions as a series of exchanges where individuals seek to maximize their benefits and minimize costs in relationships?

<p>Social exchange theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What views the family as a complex system where each member's behavior influences others, with an emphasis on family patterns and interactions across generations?

<p>Family systems theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

Around half of all marriages end in divorce.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Men tend to remarry sooner than women, with the majority of both genders remarrying within five years of a divorce.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Around 41% of women and 26% of men in the U.S. have experienced some form of intimate partner violence (IPV), including physical, sexual, or contact violence.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Child abuse in the U.S. is a significant issue with millions of children experiencing some form of abuse each year, including physical, emotional, sexual, and neglect.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a systematic of beliefs, values, and practices, concerning what a person holds to be sacred or spiritually significant?

<p>Religion</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are behaviors or practices that are either required for or expected of the members of a particular groups?

<p>Religious rituals</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the modernization of society would bring about a decrease in the influence of religion?

<p>Secularization</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are religious groups that are small, secretive, and highly controlling of members, and have a charismatic leader?

<p>Cults</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a large, mainstream religion that is not sponsored by the state?

<p>Denomination</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is religion based on belief in a single deity?

<p>Monotheism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is religion based on belief in multiple deities?

<p>Polytheism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is religion that behaves in the divinity of non-human beings, like animals, plants, and objects of the natural world?

<p>Animism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is belief in a divine connection between humans and other natural beings?

<p>Totemism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a belief in no deities?

<p>Atheism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What views religion as a positive force that maintains social stability by providing meaning and cohesion?

<p>Functionalism</p> Signup and view all the answers

What sees religion as a tool used by powerful groups to maintain their dominance and perpetuate inequality?

<p>Conflict theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

What focuses on how individuals interpret and experience religious symbols and practices in their everyday lives, shaping their religious beliefs through social interaction?

<p>Symbolic interactionism</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Sociology Study Notes

  • Sociology is the scientific and systematic study of groups and their interactions, societies, and social interactions.
  • Social facts are laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals and cultural rules governing society.
  • Society is a group of people who interact in a defined geographic area and share common culture.
  • Positivism is the scientific study of social patterns.
  • Sociological imagination is the understanding of the relationship between an individual's behaviour and experience and the wider culture that shapes their choices.
  • Auguste Comte believed that sociologists could address problems like education and poverty.
  • Harriet Martineau translated Comte's writing and analyzed social practices (e.g., economics, social class, religion, suicide, government, women's rights)
  • Karl Marx believed social change arose from social conflict, and societies developed through class struggles.
  • Herbert Spencer believed in the superiority of one race over another.
  • Émile Durkheim focused on sociological study of objective social facts to determine the health of society, studying social ties to social solidarity.
  • Herbert Mead developed symbolic interactionism examining how self-development occurs in interactions with others.
  • Max Weber believed in Verstehen (understanding behaviours from an insider's perspective); and he studied the factors impacting capitalism (e.g., the Protestant ethic).
  • W.E.B. Dubois's study of the African American community in Philadelphia documented familial and employment structures.
  • Sociologists use various methods, including observation, surveys, and interviews.
  • Sociological imagination helps us analyze personal problems within their wider social context
  • Different theoretical perspectives include functionalism (focuses on societal stability), conflict theory (emphasises societal inequalities), and symbolic interactionism (examines everyday human interactions).
  • Culture includes shared beliefs, values, and practices.
  • Material culture refers to objects and belongings; nonmaterial culture refers to ideas, attitudes and beliefs.
  • Cultural universals are globally shared traits.
  • Ethnocentrism is evaluating another culture by your own standards.
  • Culture shock is personal disorientation in an unfamiliar environment.
  • Cultural imperialism is deliberately imposing your culture on another
  • Cultural relativism is evaluating a culture by its own standards.
  • Sanctions are rules enforcement mechanisms, formal (e.g., law enforcement) and informal.
  • Norms are visible and invisible rules that dictate behaviours.
  • Symbols are used for communication and conveying meaning
  • Language is a social system that uses symbols to communicate and transmit culture
  • The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis suggests language shapes our understanding of the world.
  • Subcultures are smaller groups within a larger culture that share specific identities.
  • Countercultures reject norms/values of the larger culture
  • Socialization is the process people learn societal norms, values, and beliefs.
  • The self develops through social interactions.
  • Moral development is how people learn societal standards for good and bad behaviour.
  • Socialization debate involves the nurture versus nature discussion on personality development.
  • Various institutions (e.g., family, schools, workplace, religion, media) play a crucial role in socialization.
  • Deviance is the violation of norms.
  • Crime involves violating laws, subject to formal sanctions.
  • Social control refers to regulating and enforcing social norms
  • Social order is the arrangement of behaviours on which society functions.

Sociological Research

  • Empirical evidence is gathered from direct experience, data, or experimentation.
  • Meta-analysis is combining the results of multiple studies on a topic.
  • A hypothesis is a testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables (independent and dependent).
  • The scientific method involves asking questions, researching existing sources, hypothesis formulation, study design and execution, and concluding with the results.

Culture and Socialization

  • Culture includes symbols, language, values, norms, and beliefs shared by a group.
  • Socialization involves the process of learning and internalizing social norms.
  • Values are cultural beliefs and ideals.
  • Norms are social rules for behavior.
  • Society is organized by social institutions, such as family, education, and religion.
  • Socialization helps individuals develop their self-concept.
  • Socialization influences values and beliefs.

Social Stratification

  • Social stratification is a society's ranking of its members based on their power, wealth, income, education, and family background.
  • Social stratification (and resulting inequality) is a concern in many areas such as family, sexuality, and gender.
  • A caste system is when social standing is based on birth.
  • Class systems are based on individual accomplishments rather than birth.
  • Class traits are typical behaviour, customs, and norms that define a particular social class.
  • Social mobility describes the ability to change one's social standing.

Health and Medicine

  • Medical sociology studies health and illness within society.
  • Social determinants of health affect health outcomes in many ways.
  • Stigma around illnesses exists for certain medical conditions.
  • The social epidemiology study the causes and distribution of diseases.
  • Different theoretical perspectives, including functionalism, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism, examine health concerns.

Family

  • Family is a socially recognized group; often including marriage, cohabitation, or adoption involving emotional and financial ties.
  • Different types of families exist (e.g., nuclear familes, extended families, blended families).

Religion

  • Religion refers to systems of beliefs about what is considered sacred and spiritually significant; involving rituals and practices.
  • Different types of religious organization exist including cults and denominations.
  • Theoretical perspectives on religion include functionalism and conflict theory.

Work

  • Work is a significant area of social organisation
  • Societies and economies are organised in differing ways.
  • Capitalism and socialism are examples of economic systems.

Media

  • Media impacts knowledge acquisition, values, norms, and beliefs.
  • Media is significant for access to societal information.
  • Media is often subject to different interpretations.
  • Theoretical perspectives on media include functionalism and conflict theory.

Deviance

  • Deviance is behavior that violates social norms.
  • Social control concerns regulating and enforcing social norms.
  • Criminal behaviours violate official laws.
  • Various theories explain deviance, including strain theory, and conflict theory
  • The concept of social construction suggests deviance is a social creation influenced by societal constructs.

Social Change

  • Social change is the alteration of society. Various factors cause social changes

Race and Ethnicity

  • Race is a group of humans based on shared characteristics
  • Ethnicity refers to shared cultural attributes, such as heritage or language.
  • Minority and majority groups in societies demonstrate inequality.
  • Minority groups face discrimination.
  • Theories of social construction explain social phenomena and resulting inequality
  • Racism is the belief that one racial group is superior or inferior to another

Gender and Sexuality

  • Gender refers to socially attributed characteristics, while sex is based on biological traits.
  • Gender roles are socially defined behaviours and expectations assigned to different genders.
  • Gender identity is an individual's internal sense of their gender.
  • Sexual orientation refers to attraction.
  • Sexuality is the capacity for sexual feelings and attraction.
  • Important to distinguish between sex and gender; and different gender orientations (e.g., LGBTQ+, intersex)
  • Theoretical perspectives such as functionalism, and conflict theory, explain differences and inequalities in gender and sexuality.

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Introduction to Sociology Final Exam Study Guide PDF

Description

Explore the fundamentals of sociology with this quiz on social facts, interactions, and key theorists like Comte, Martineau, and Marx. Understand how individual behaviors are influenced by larger societal contexts and concepts such as positivism and sociological imagination. Test your knowledge on the essential principles and historical perspectives of sociology.

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