Questions and Answers
Which approach is David practicing in presenting himself to others?
Implying that we are not as good as another person on some dimension may result in what?
The rejection of in-group members who threaten the positive image of the group is known as what?
Research suggests that insecurity regarding presentational skills may lead to what?
Signup and view all the answers
What involves using praise of important others to encourage them to like us?
Signup and view all the answers
In what situation might David downplay his own qualities?
Signup and view all the answers
What does introspection help us understand?
Signup and view all the answers
What is indicated by differences between shy and non-shy people being reduced online compared to offline?
Signup and view all the answers
What may result from using the approach of ingratiation?
Signup and view all the answers
If a researcher establishes that there is a correlation of +.37 between physical attractiveness and dating frequency, what can we conclude?
Signup and view all the answers
In the described study, a researcher thinks that a person's mood has an effect on how helpful that person is likely to be. What is the hypothesis?
Signup and view all the answers
One possible confound for this experiment is?
Signup and view all the answers
In the experiment regarding lighting in a factory, what is the independent variable?
Signup and view all the answers
In the example regarding lighting, what is the dependent variable?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of method are researchers using when they systematically change one variable to determine its effect on another variable?
Signup and view all the answers
Which is NOT an advantage of using surveys to collect information?
Signup and view all the answers
In experimental research, the variable that is measured is known as the?
Signup and view all the answers
What does a 'causal relationship' mean?
Signup and view all the answers
In a research study where participants hear different types of music, the three scenarios refer to the?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these are types of self-schema?
Signup and view all the answers
The personal identity conceptualizes the self as a member of particular social groups.
Signup and view all the answers
George is likely thinking of himself in terms of what after hearing a friend's description?
Signup and view all the answers
Chris describes himself as liberal in one context and conservative in another. What are these comparisons?
Signup and view all the answers
Intergroup comparisons are based around attributes ___, but which are contrasted ___ another group.
Signup and view all the answers
When Karen describes herself to her classmates, she focuses on similarities and differences. What type of comparisons is she making?
Signup and view all the answers
Our self-concept varies periodically because we do not experience all aspects of our self-concept simultaneously.
Signup and view all the answers
If Karen sees her psychology professor as a role model, she may become a psychologist herself if she ___
Signup and view all the answers
Given multiple situations, which college senior is most likely to complete their thesis first?
Signup and view all the answers
The belief that we can achieve a particular goal through our own actions is known as what?
Signup and view all the answers
A person's evaluation of his or her ability to reach a goal is known as what?
Signup and view all the answers
High self-efficacy seems to lead people to employ better strategies, resulting in better deals than those low in self-efficacy.
Signup and view all the answers
Even though there is no single "best" method of research, the method preferred by social psychologists is?
Signup and view all the answers
In experimental research, one variable is systematically changed. This variable is known as the?
Signup and view all the answers
The procedure that ensures that participants are not assigned to an experimental condition on the basis of any individual characteristics is called?
Signup and view all the answers
When research results are not consistent with a theory, the researcher's next step usually involves?
Signup and view all the answers
Some social psychologists use deception in their research in order to?
Signup and view all the answers
Social psychologists sometimes conceal information about the true purpose of a study from the research participants until after the study is completed. This use of deception is justified when?
Signup and view all the answers
It is __________ to remove from research the possibility of any harm to a participant.
Signup and view all the answers
There are two important ethical issues involved in the use of deception in research. These issues include the possibility of harming research participants by the deception and ________.
Signup and view all the answers
The process of giving participants as much information as possible about experimental procedures to be used before the participants agree to participate is known as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Whether we wish it or not, Shakespeare admonishes that we are __________ on a stage, and that we're in position of __________.
Signup and view all the answers
As players on a social stage, we may wish to emphasize some personal aspect to others, as well as to ourselves. What is this called?
Signup and view all the answers
Self-esteem refers to the __________.
Signup and view all the answers
A person's overall attitude towards him- or herself is known as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Whenever Mike enters his family's den where the sports trophies that he has won are displayed, his self-esteem is temporarily boosted. This is best described as caused by the fact that __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The process we use to try and understand other people is known as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The process whereby we seek to know and understand others is called __________, and frequently makes use of __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The process by which individuals seek to understand why others behave as they do is known as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
Which statement BEST describes the attribution process?
Signup and view all the answers
Our tendency to perceive the actions of others as caused by their dispositions or personality rather than perceiving the cause of their actions as the situation they are in is known as __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The tendency to explain others' actions as stemming from dispositions even in the presence of clear situational causes is called the __________.
Signup and view all the answers
The branch of psychology that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations is ___?
Signup and view all the answers
Social psychologists focus their attention mainly on individuals because ___?
Signup and view all the answers
As a scientific discipline, social psychology strives for ___?
Signup and view all the answers
Social Psychology embraces ___ as core scientific values.
Signup and view all the answers
The focus of social psychology is on ___?
Signup and view all the answers
One reason that social scientists put their faith in the scientific method is that ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The ways we think about other people and the things we remember about them may have an effect on our behavior. These thoughts and memories are examples of ___?
Signup and view all the answers
Radha is from India and is Jana's friend. In making a judgment about Radha's reason for being late for coffee, Jana may infer that Radha was late because she had a confusing day. This is best explained as an example of a ___?
Signup and view all the answers
People tend to become more irritable and aggressive when the weather is hot and humid. This fact is an example of the effects of ___ on social behavior?
Signup and view all the answers
The social rules concerning how individuals should behave in specific situations are known as ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The system of shared meanings, perceptions, and beliefs held by persons belonging to the same group is known as ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The branch of psychology that seeks to examine the potential role of genetic factors in different aspects of human behavior is known as ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The variation referred to by evolutionary psychologists is that ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The evolutionary perspective on social psychology suggests that ___?
Signup and view all the answers
Despite some variation, there appear to be universal mating preferences for certain physical features. This fact suggests that these attractive features are influenced by ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The evolutionary perspective on social behavior suggests that ___?
Signup and view all the answers
[___] is the area of psychology that studies the interplay between brain events and thought, emotion, and behavior.
Signup and view all the answers
[___] processes represent those factors and processes which influence thoughts, feelings, or behaviors and of which we are either not aware or only dimly aware.
Signup and view all the answers
A multicultural perspective is recognized as increasingly important to research in social psychology because ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The process of carefully observing behavior as it occurs is known as ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The observation of behavior as it occurs in natural settings is known as ___?
Signup and view all the answers
In order to determine whether people have a strong or weak preference for the color of their cookware, a company wants to collect information from many of its past customers. If the number of past customers is very large, the company may want to consider using ___ methods.
Signup and view all the answers
Suppose a company asked its workers, "Now that you have received a raise, how satisfied are you with your job?" and found out that 87% indicated they were "very satisfied" or "satisfied." A major concern of this study would likely be ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The way a question is phrased may sometimes influence the way people respond to the question. In survey research, this is known as the issue of ___?
Signup and view all the answers
A correlation exists between two variables when ___?
Signup and view all the answers
One advantage of knowing the correlation between two variables is that ___?
Signup and view all the answers
The branch of psychology that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations is
Signup and view all the answers
Social psychologists focus their attention mainly on individuals because
Signup and view all the answers
As a scientific discipline, social psychology strives for
Signup and view all the answers
Social psychology embraces as core scientific values
Signup and view all the answers
The focus of social psychology is on
Signup and view all the answers
One reason that social scientists put their faith in the scientific method is that
Signup and view all the answers
The ways we think about other people and the things we remember about them may have an effect on our behavior. These thoughts and memories are examples of
Signup and view all the answers
Radha is from India and is Jana's friend. In making a judgment about Radha's reason for being late for coffee, Jana may infer that Radha was late because she had a confusing day, or Jana may decide that Radha doesn't really have much respect for her schedule. This is best explained as an example of a
Signup and view all the answers
People tend to become more irritable and aggressive when the weather is hot and humid. This fact is an example of the effects of
Signup and view all the answers
The social rules concerning how individuals should behave in specific situations are known as
Signup and view all the answers
The system of shared meanings, perceptions, and beliefs held by persons belonging to the same group is known as
Signup and view all the answers
The branch of psychology that seeks to examine the potential role of genetic factors in different aspects of human behavior is known as
Signup and view all the answers
The variation referred to by evolutionary psychologists is that
Signup and view all the answers
The evolutionary perspective on social psychology suggests that
Signup and view all the answers
Despite some variation, there appear to be universal mating preferences for certain physical features. This fact suggests that these attractive features are influenced by
Signup and view all the answers
The evolutionary perspective on social behavior suggests that
Signup and view all the answers
Based on an ______, a child, early in life, is more likely to look like ______.
Signup and view all the answers
[blank] is the area of psychology that studies the interplay between brain events and thought, emotion and behavior.
Signup and view all the answers
[blank] processes represent those factors and processes which influence thought, feelings or behaviors and of which we are either not aware or only dimly aware.
Signup and view all the answers
A multicultural perspective is recognized as increasingly important to research in social psychology because
Signup and view all the answers
The process of observing behavior as it occurs is known as
Signup and view all the answers
The observation of behavior as it occurs in natural settings is known as
Signup and view all the answers
In order to determine whether people have a strong or weak preference for the color of their cookware, a company wants to collect information from many of its past customers. If the number of past customers is very large, the company may want to consider using
Signup and view all the answers
Suppose a company asked its workers, 'Now that you have received a raise, how satisfied are you with your job?' and found out that 87% indicated they were 'very satisfied' or 'satisfied.' A major concern of this study would likely be
Signup and view all the answers
The way a question is phrased may sometimes influence the way people respond to the question. In survey research, this is known as the issue of
Signup and view all the answers
A correlation exists between two variables when
Signup and view all the answers
One advantage of knowing the correlation between two variables is that
Signup and view all the answers
The branch of psychology that seeks to understand the nature and causes of individual behavior and thought in social situations is:
Signup and view all the answers
Social psychologists focus their attention mainly on individuals because:
Signup and view all the answers
As a scientific discipline, social psychology strives for:
Signup and view all the answers
Social Psychology embraces as core scientific values:
Signup and view all the answers
The focus of social psychology is on:
Signup and view all the answers
One reason that social scientists put their faith in the scientific method is that:
Signup and view all the answers
The ways we think about other people and the things we remember about them may have an effect on our behavior. These thoughts and memories are examples of:
Signup and view all the answers
Radha is from India and is Jana's friend. In making a judgment about Radha's reason for being late for coffee, Jana may infer that Radha was late because she had a confusing day, or Jana may decide that Radha doesn't really have much respect for her schedule. This is best explained as an example of a:
Signup and view all the answers
People tend to become more irritable and aggressive when the weather is hot and humid. This fact is an example of the effects of:
Signup and view all the answers
The social rules concerning how individuals should behave in specific situations are known as:
Signup and view all the answers
The system of shared meanings, perceptions, and beliefs held by persons belonging to the same group is known as:
Signup and view all the answers
The branch of psychology that seeks to examine the potential role of genetic factors in different aspects of human behavior is known as:
Signup and view all the answers
The variation referred to by evolutionary psychologists is that:
Signup and view all the answers
The evolutionary perspective on social psychology suggests that:
Signup and view all the answers
Despite some variation, there appear to be universal mating preferences for certain physical features. This fact suggests that these attractive features are influenced by:
Signup and view all the answers
The evolutionary perspective on social behavior suggests that:
Signup and view all the answers
_____ is the area of psychology that studies the interplay between brain events and thought, emotion and behavior.
Signup and view all the answers
_____ processes represent those factors and processes which influence thought, feelings or behaviors and of which we are either not aware or only dimly aware.
Signup and view all the answers
A multicultural perspective is recognized as increasingly important to research in social psychology because:
Signup and view all the answers
The process of carefully observing behavior as it occurs is known as:
Signup and view all the answers
The observation of behavior as it occurs in natural settings is known as:
Signup and view all the answers
In order to determine whether people have a strong or weak preference for the color of their cookware, a company wants to collect information from many of its past customers. If the number of past customers is very large, the company may want to consider using:
Signup and view all the answers
Suppose a company asked its workers 'Now that you have received a raise, how satisfied are you with your job?' and found out that 87% indicated they were 'very satisfied' or 'satisfied.' A major concern of this study would likely be:
Signup and view all the answers
The way a question is phrased may sometimes influence the way people respond to the question. In survey research, this is known as the issue of:
Signup and view all the answers
A correlation exists between two variables when:
Signup and view all the answers
One advantage of knowing the correlation between two variables is that:
Signup and view all the answers
A researcher is interested in the relationship between courtship behaviors and physical characteristics of people.
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Introduction to Social Psychology
- Social psychology examines individual behavior and thought within social contexts.
- Focuses primarily on how individuals are influenced by the actions of others.
- Utilizes the scientific method to achieve objective understanding of behaviors.
Core Concepts in Social Psychology
- Emphasizes the values of accuracy, objectivity, skepticism, and open-mindedness.
- Investigates how societal processes direct and influence individual behavior.
- Determines the effects of environmental variables, such as weather, on social behavior.
Cognitive Processes and Behavior
- Cognitive theory explores the connection between thoughts, feelings, and behavior.
- Perception of others influences judgment and responses based on individual interpretations.
- Implicit processes affect cognition without conscious awareness.
Cultural Context and Social Behavior
- Culture encompasses shared meanings and beliefs of a group.
- Cultural factors like race and ethnicity shape self-identity and influence behaviors.
- A multicultural perspective enhances social psychology research relevance.
Evolutionary Psychology
- Evolutionary psychology examines genetic influences on behavior and social interactions.
- Suggests that individuals inherit certain predispositions and general patterns of behavior.
- Universal mating preferences for physical traits highlight evolutionary influences on attraction.
Research Methods in Social Psychology
- Systematic observation allows careful monitoring of behaviors in natural settings.
- Naturalistic observation involves studying behavior as it occurs in everyday environments.
- Survey methodologies assess preferences and attitudes among large populations.
Importance of Correlation in Behavioral Research
- Correlation indicates a relationship between variables, aiding in predictions.
- Awareness of correlation helps identify when further research is warranted.
- Wording of survey questions can heavily influence participant responses and data reliability.
Current Trends and Issues in Social Psychology
- Increasing focus on understanding individual differences within social behavior.
- Recognition of the influence of both biological factors and environmental contexts.
- The need for critical examination of research design elements, including question phrasing and sample selection.### Experiment on Test Performance and Mood
- Research participants undergo a difficult test, receiving either praise or criticism based on their performance.
- After feedback, participants help an assistant move heavy boxes, with observations on their willingness to assist.
- Hypothesis: A person's mood influences their likelihood to help; praise may enhance mood, while criticism may detract.
Effect of Lighting on Productivity
- Employees are assigned to three identical work areas with different lighting levels to analyze productivity.
- The independent variable: Level of lighting.
- The dependent variable: Number of components produced during a shift.
Emotional States and Social Interaction
- Participants are divided into two groups to test the effects of negative emotions on the need for affiliation.
- Group 1 experiences darkness and distressing noises; Group 2 experiences light and silence.
- Independent variable: Whether lights went out and screams were heard, with observation on conversation frequency.
Experimental Research Methodology
- Systematic changes to one variable aid researchers in understanding its impact on another variable.
- This approach is key to isolating effects and establishing causal relationships.
Surveys in Research
- Surveys are efficient for gathering data from large populations.
- A notable limitation: Surveys cannot establish causal relationships between variables.
Variables in Experimental Research
- Dependent variable: The outcome or effect measured in an experiment.
- Independent variable: The condition manipulated to observe its effects on the dependent variable.
Causal Relationships
- A causal relationship indicates that changes in one variable directly lead to changes in another variable.
- Understanding these relationships is crucial in psychological research.
Music and Mood Experiment
- Participants are exposed to different types of music to assess its impact on mood.
- Key variables: Types of music (independent variable) and mood measured afterward (dependent variable).
Preferred Research Method
- Experimental methods are favored by social psychologists for understanding behavior and mental processes due to their ability to establish cause-and-effect relationships.
Random Assignment in Experiments
- Ensures participants are assigned to conditions without bias based on individual characteristics, thus increasing the validity of findings.### Research Ethics and Methodology
- Informed Consent: Participants must receive comprehensive information about the study before agreeing to participate.
- Deception in Research: Utilized to prevent participants' behavior from being influenced by knowledge of the study's purpose.
- Justification for Deception: Considered acceptable when knowledge might alter behavior or when it won't cause harm to participants.
Research Adaptations
- Response to Theory Inconsistency: Researchers typically modify theories and gather additional data when results don’t align with established theories.
- Concealment for Behavior Integrity: Some psychologists withhold the study's true purpose until completion to maintain the validity of behavior observed.
Ethical Considerations
- Potential Harm from Deception: Ethical issues include the risk of harming participants and creating mistrust towards researchers in future studies.
- Limitations of Eliminating Harm: Completely removing the risk of participant harm is impossible due to potential mild distress resulting from research activities.
Social Psychology
- Social Performance: Individuals act as “players” on a societal stage, presenting themselves to influence audience perception.
- Self-Promotion: Emphasizing certain personal attributes to manipulate others’ views while downplaying less favorable traits.
Social Interactions
- Self-Verification and Ingratiation: Presenting select traits to align with others’ perceptions while seeking approval and agreement.
- Negotiation of Identity: Adjusting self-assessment to aid in the 'sale' of one's identity and downplaying negative traits during interactions.
Techniques in Social Dynamics
- Praise and Flattery: Utilizing complementary remarks about important others to foster affinity and social approval.
- Self-Presentation Strategies: Engaging in behaviors aimed at creating a favorable impression during social encounters.
Ethical Research Practices
- Debriefing Procedure: After the completion of studies involving deception, researchers should provide thorough debriefing to inform participants about the true nature of the study.
- Importance of Ethical Guidelines: Ethical guidelines must be adhered to, balancing the pursuit of knowledge with the well-being of participants.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
Test your knowledge of key concepts in social psychology with this quiz. It covers the nature of individual behavior and thought within social contexts. Perfect for students looking to reinforce their understanding of this fascinating branch of psychology.
