Psychology Key Concepts Quiz

Focuses on observable behaviors and learning processes.
Operant Conditioning: Proposed by B.F. Skinner, emphasizing learning through rewards and punishments.
Classical Conditioning: Introduced by Ivan Pavlov, involves learning through associations between stimuli.
Behavior Modification: Techniques aimed at changing maladaptive behavior patterns.
Commonly applied in therapeutic settings, educational practices, and behavior management.

Examines individual thought, emotion, and behavior in social contexts.
Social Influence: Explores how social pressure affects behavior, including conformity and compliance.
Group Dynamics: Studies behaviors within groups, focusing on roles and established norms.
Prejudice and Discrimination: Investigates attitudes and actions towards individuals based on their group membership.
Insights derived are applicable to marketing, relationship dynamics, and broad social issues.

Concentrates on the diagnosis and treatment of mental disorders.
Assessment Methods: Utilizes clinical interviews, psychological tests, and various observational techniques to evaluate patients.
Treatment Modalities: Includes psychotherapy (like Cognitive Behavioral Therapy) and medication alongside holistic approaches.
Relies on the DSM-5: The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders for systematic classification.
Applies to the treatment of conditions such as anxiety, depression, and PTSD.

Studies human growth and development across the lifespan.
Stages of Development: Identifies key phases including infancy, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging, based on Erik Erikson’s psychosocial stages.
Cognitive Development: Explores how thinking develops over time, following Jean Piaget's theories.
Attachment Theory: Developed by John Bowlby, focuses on the emotional bonds between caregivers and children.
Applications are seen in developing educational strategies, parenting practices, and understanding transitions through life stages.

Investigates mental processes like perception, memory, and problem-solving.
Information Processing: Analyzes how humans perceive, process, and retain information.
Cognitive Biases: Identifies systematic thinking errors such as confirmation bias and availability heuristic.
Memory Models: Discusses classifications like working memory versus long-term memory and the multi-store model.
Relevant in enhancing learning, decision-making processes, and therapies aimed at correcting cognitive distortions.

Study of mental processes such as perception, memory, reasoning, and problem-solving.
Information Processing Model conceptualizes the mind as a processor of information, involving input, processing, and output stages.
Cognitive Biases refer to systematic patterns that deviate from norm or rational thinking, influencing judgment and decision-making.
Types of Memory:
- Short-term memory holds information temporarily; long-term memory stores information over extended periods.
- Explicit memory involves conscious recall, while implicit memory entails unconscious influences on behavior.
Decision Making is affected by heuristics and biases that influence how judgments are formed and choices are made.

Study focused on psychological growth and changes throughout the human lifespan.
Key Theories include:
- Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development: Four stages—sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational—each representing qualitative shifts in thinking.
- Erikson's Psychosocial Development outlines eight stages from infancy to adulthood, each with a unique psychosocial crisis that individuals must resolve.
- Attachment Theory highlights the significance of early relationships, identifying three styles: secure, avoidant, and ambivalent attachment.
Areas of Focus encompass emotional, social, and cognitive development at various life stages.

Study examines how individuals affect and are affected by social contexts and interactions.
Key Concepts include:
- Social Influence mechanisms include conformity (changing behavior to match others), compliance (agreeing to requests), and obedience (following authority).
- Group Dynamics encompass phenomena such as groupthink (poor decision-making due to group cohesion), social loafing (reduced effort in groups), and deindividuation (loss of self-awareness in groups).
- Attitudes and Persuasion involve how attitudes are formed, changed, and the role cognitive dissonance plays in altering behaviors to align with beliefs.
- Prejudice and Discrimination focus on the origins and impacts of societal bias.

Branch dedicated to diagnosing and treating mental disorders.
Key Areas include:
- Assessment Techniques: Involves various methods, including interviews, psychological tests, and observational approaches to evaluate mental health.
- Therapeutic Approaches:
  - Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) aims to transform negative thought patterns that contribute to mental health issues.
  - Psychodynamic Therapy explores unconscious processes and childhood experiences as sources of emotional difficulties.
  - Humanistic Therapy emphasizes self-actualization and personal growth as central therapeutic goals.
Common Disorders addressed include anxiety disorders, mood disorders, personality disorders, and psychotic disorders.

Focuses on observable behaviors and their learning processes through conditioning.
Key Principles include:
- Classical Conditioning, demonstrated by Pavlov's dogs, involves learning through association between stimuli.
- Operant Conditioning explains how behaviors are learned based on the consequences, including reinforcement (to increase behavior) and punishment (to decrease behavior).
- Behavior Modification employs behavioral techniques to alter maladaptive behaviors effectively.
Applications span therapy, educational practices, and behavior change initiatives.

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