Introduction to Seismology

Seismology

• The study of earthquakes and related phenomena.

### Seismologists

• Scientists who specialize in studying earthquakes and their effects.

Seismograph

• A device that detects and records ground motion during an earthquake.

Seismograms

• The visual records produced by seismographs, showing the intensity and duration of seismic waves.

Magnitude

• A measurement of the energy released by an earthquake at its source (hypocenter).

Richter Scale

• A logarithmic scale, developed by Charles Richter in 1935, to measure earthquake magnitude.

### Foreshocks

• Smaller tremors that often precede a major earthquake.

### Aftershocks

• Smaller earthquakes that follow a major earthquake and can cause further damage.

### Earthquake Hazards

• Ground shaking: The vibration of the ground during an earthquake, causing structural damage.
• Ground rupture: The visible cracking and displacement of the Earth's surface during an earthquake.

### Before Earthquakes

• Familiarization with local earthquake risks is essential for preparedness.

### During Earthquakes

• Cover - Hold on - Drop: This safety protocol minimizes injury during an earthquake.

### After Earthquakes

• Evacuation: Seek safe exit routes as soon as the shaking stops.
• Aftershock awareness: Be prepared for additional tremors that may occur after the main shock.
• Injury check: Assess for injuries in yourself and others.

### During Earthquakes (Safety Measures)

• Find open spaces if outdoors to avoid falling debris.
• Move to higher ground if near the coast to avoid tsunamis.
• Stay away from steep slopes that may be susceptible to landslides.
• Stop moving vehicles safely if caught in a moving vehicle.

### After Earthquakes (Safety Measures)

• Avoid traversing bridges or overpasses as they may be damaged.