Introduction to Respiration and Anatomy

<p>In the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nose and nasal cavity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gas exchange between blood and body tissues (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It assists in vocal sounds and sense of smell (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasal septum (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nasopharynx (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Trap pathogens (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thyroid cartilage (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyaline cartilage rings (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Carina (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swirl inhaled air (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Epiglottis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased formation of Hb-O2 (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Partial pressure of water vapor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>70% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Controlling normal breathing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hb-F can carry oxygen more efficiently than Hb-A (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It reduces friction and provides surface tension. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The mediastinum (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secreting surfactant (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Oblique fissure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ability of a passageway to remain unobstructed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary arteries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure in the lungs is lowered. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pressure increases as volume decreases. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Segmental bronchi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To branch into the alveolar sacs (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>75% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ensures lung tissue expands (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ease of inflating the lungs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Internal intercostal muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Occurs between the alveoli and the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased partial pressure gradient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>24X (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreases as respiratory muscles relax (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Respiratory distress syndrome (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>From the blood to the tissues (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process of acquiring oxygen and eliminating carbon dioxide.

Gas exchange between the atmosphere and lung tissues.

Gas exchange between lung tissues and blood.

Gas exchange between blood and body tissues.

Exchanges gases (O2 and CO2).

Regulates blood pH (acidity).

Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, and associated structures.

The interior and anterior space of the nose, bounded by the nasal bones and oral cavity. It's divided into halves by the nasal septum.

Air-filled spaces within the skull around the nasal cavity, lined with mucous membranes, and aiding in sound resonance.

Bony structures within the nasal cavity that swirl inhaled air to warm and humidify it.

Part of the nasal cavity containing sensory receptors for smell, but without goblet cells.

Tube comprised of nine cartilage rings that connects the pharynx to the trachea. Site of vocal cords.

Elastic folds in the larynx that vibrate when air passes over them, creating sound.

A tube with cartilage rings that connects the larynx to the bronchi, keeping it open (patent).

The two branches of the trachea that enter the lungs, the bronchi branch numerous times.

The smallest bronchi branches leading to the lung sacs/alveoli.

A double-layered membrane surrounding the lungs, consisting of the visceral pleura (inner layer) and parietal pleura (outer layer).

The space between the visceral and parietal pleurae, filled with pleural fluid that reduces friction and provides surface tension.

An indentation on the medial surface of each lung where bronchi, blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels enter and exit.

An indentation on the left lung that accommodates the heart, causing the left lung to be smaller than the right.

Deep grooves that divide the lungs into lobes, separating lung tissue for efficient function.

Branches within the lungs that carry air to specific lobes, named after the lobes they serve (e.g., superior lobar bronchus).

A portion of lung tissue supplied by a segmental bronchus, allowing surgeons to remove diseased segments without affecting surrounding tissue.

Small compartments within a bronchopulmonary segment, containing bronchioles, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, all wrapped in elastic connective tissue.

Microscopic branches of the bronchi lined with simple cuboidal epithelium, leading to alveolar ducts and sacs.

Tiny air sacs where gas exchange (oxygen and carbon dioxide) occurs; made of thin-walled type I alveolar cells for efficient diffusion.

The diaphragm contracts, flattening and moving downwards, expanding the thoracic cavity and decreasing pressure, allowing air to enter the lungs.

The external intercostal muscles contract, pulling the ribs upwards and outwards, further increasing the volume of the thoracic cavity.

The pressure within the pleural cavity, which is always lower than atmospheric pressure, maintaining a suction effect that keeps lungs attached to the thoracic wall.

Exhalation is primarily passive, driven by the elastic recoil of lung tissues and the decrease in thoracic cavity volume as respiratory muscles relax.

The abdominal and internal intercostal muscles contract, further decreasing thoracic cavity volume during forceful exhalation.

Surfactant reduces surface tension in the alveoli, preventing their collapse and facilitating efficient gas exchange.

Compliance describes the ease with which lung tissues can be stretched and expanded. High compliance means less effort is needed to breathe, while low compliance means more effort is required.

The resistance to airflow through the respiratory system. It's determined by factors like airway diameter, smooth muscle contraction, and obstructions.

The difference in partial pressure of a gas between the alveoli and the blood drives gas exchange. A steeper gradient leads to faster diffusion.

The larger the surface area of gas exchange, the more efficient the process. The alveoli have a massive surface area to maximize diffusion.

The percentage of hemoglobin molecules carrying oxygen. It is influenced by factors like partial pressure of oxygen, acidity, temperature, and the type of hemoglobin.

Increased acidity (lower pH), higher partial pressure of CO2, elevated temperatures, and the presence of 2,3-bisphosphoglycerate (BPG) all decrease hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen.

The exchange of bicarbonate ions (HCO3-) from the red blood cell into the blood plasma, accompanied by the movement of chloride ions (Cl-) into the red blood cell, to maintain electrical balance.

A cluster of neurons in the medulla oblongata responsible for controlling the rhythm and depth of normal breathing.

Sensory receptors that detect changes in chemical composition of blood, specifically carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen ions (H+).