Questions and Answers
What is the Montreal Protocol?
The Montreal Protocol required the United States and other developed countries to stop producing CFC refrigerants by ______________.
January 1, 1996
What does the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) do?
Enforces regulations for working with refrigerants.
What is the Clean Air Act?
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What does CFC stand for?
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What does HCFC stand for?
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What does HFC stand for?
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What are refrigerant blends?
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Each ______________ can break apart as many as 100,000 ozone molecules before it is neutralized.
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What is temperature glide?
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What is the temperature of the refrigerant in an evaporator when the compressor is running?
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What are cryogenic fluids used for?
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What characteristics define a good refrigeration lubricant?
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Ozone depletion potential is a numeric value assigned to refrigerants to show how harmful they can be to the ozone compared to which refrigerant?
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Refrigerants that are represented by 400s in the numbering system are called __________.
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Refrigerants that are represented by 500s in the numbering system are called ____________.
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How can the refrigerant temperature in an air-cooled condenser be estimated?
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What governmental body enforces the regulations of the Clean Air Act?
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Section _________ of the Clean Air Act requires that all technicians have certification in order to service HVACR equipment.
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Which type of refrigerant has the highest ozone depletion potential?
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HFCs have an ozone depletion potential of _________.
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A refrigerant's global warming potential (GWP) is based on the ratio of its warming effect compared to the warming effect of ____________.
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What classification describes a partially halogenated refrigerant with 0 ODP but high GWP?
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Study Notes
Montreal Protocol
- Banned production of CFCs in developed countries to combat ozone depletion.
- Effective from January 1, 1989.
- Required the U.S. and other developed nations to cease CFC production by January 1, 1996.
Regulatory Bodies
- Environmental Protection Agency (EPA): U.S. agency enforcing refrigerant regulations.
- Clean Air Act: Federal law dictating guidelines and penalties for refrigerant release.
Refrigerant Types
- CFCs: Chlorofluorocarbons (e.g., R-11, R-12); known for high ozone depletion potential.
- HCFCs: Hydrochlorofluorocarbons (e.g., R-22, R-123); reduced ODP but higher GWP.
- HFCs: Hydrofluorocarbons with ODP of 0 (e.g., R-134a, R-152a).
- HFOs: Hydrofluoro-olefins; newer refrigerant type with lower environmental impact.
- HCs: Hydrocarbons; natural refrigerants with low environmental impact.
Refrigerant Properties and Behavior
- Refrigerant blends consist of multiple established refrigerants.
- Azeotropic: Blends represented by 500s; behave like single substances during phase changes.
- Zeotropic: Blends represented by 400s; changes in composition during phase changes.
- Bubble Point: Temperature at which liquid zeotrope begins to boil.
- Dew Point: Temperature at which vapor zeotrope begins to condense.
- Temperature Glide: Difference between vapor and liquid states during evaporation/condensation.
Temperature Guidelines
- Refrigerant in evaporator: 8F to 12F (4C to 7C) colder than evaporator when compressor running.
- Same temperature in evaporator and refrigerant when compressor is off.
- In air-cooled condensers, refrigerant is 30F to 35F (17C to 19C) warmer than ambient temperature.
- In water-cooled condensers, refrigerant is approximately 20F (11C) warmer than outlet water temperature.
Lubricants and Freezants
- Good Refrigeration Lubricant: Low wax content, high thermal and chemical stability, low pour point, low viscosity.
- Freezants: Cryogenic fluids (e.g., liquid nitrogen, carbon dioxide) used for rapid food freezing, reaching temperatures as low as -250F (-157C).
Environmental Impact and Regulation
- Chlorine atoms can destroy up to 100,000 ozone molecules before neutralization.
- Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP) is a numeric value indicating refrigerant harm compared to R-11.
- HFCs and HCFCs classified based on their ozone depletion potential and global warming potential (GWP).
Certification and Compliance
- Section 608 of the Clean Air Act mandates technician certification for HVACR equipment servicing.
- Certified technicians required to prevent harmful refrigerant release during maintenance.
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Description
This quiz covers essential terms and concepts related to refrigerants, particularly focusing on the Montreal Protocol and its impact on CFC production. Test your knowledge on the regulations that aim to protect the ozone layer and the timeline of these environmental agreements.