Introduction to Qualitative Research
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Questions and Answers

What is the purpose of between-method triangulation?

  • To utilize multiple instruments for the same data collection
  • To confirm findings from one method using another method (correct)
  • To analyze different datasets from unrelated research problems
  • To exclusively use quantitative methods for research

According to Sarantakos (1998), what is a crucial factor in determining the desirability of triangulation?

  • The specific project and research question (correct)
  • The funding source for the research project
  • The number of researchers involved in the study
  • The complexity of the quantitative analysis

What distinguishes triangulation from mixing methods?

  • Triangulation involves multiple perspectives on the same problem. (correct)
  • Mixing methods is only applicable in qualitative research.
  • Triangulation only uses quantitative data in analysis.
  • Triangulation requires more researchers than mixing methods.

Hammersley (1992) claims that distinctions between methodological models are:

<p>Dangerous and misleading (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Miles and Huberman (1994) highlight a primary difference between qualitative and quantitative research in terms of:

<p>Qualitative research describes in words, while quantitative uses numbers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why do some researchers combine qualitative and quantitative methods in a single study?

<p>To appease grant-making bodies that favor diverse methodologies (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Leininger (1992) warns against mixing qualitative and quantitative methodologies due to their:

<p>Differences in philosophical foundations and aims (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about triangulation as mentioned in the content?

<p>It automatically ensures validity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who edited 'Qualitative Nursing Research: A Contemporary Dialogue'?

<p>J.M. Morse (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which publication focuses specifically on qualitative evaluation and research methods?

<p>Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which author is associated with the concept of 'Verstehen' in qualitative research?

<p>J. Platt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which year was the second edition of 'Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods' published?

<p>1990 (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which book is edited by J.T.E. Richardson?

<p>Handbook of Qualitative Research Methods in Psychology and the Social Sciences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method does Silverman primarily focus on in his writings?

<p>Qualitative Data Interpretation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which publication is known for discussing social research methodologies?

<p>Social Research, 2nd edn. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who authored 'Language in Relation to a Unified Theory of the Structure of Human Behaviour'?

<p>K.L. Pike (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of the hypothetico-deductive model of science?

<p>To test theories by moving from general to specific (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common criticism of the positivist view of scientific knowledge?

<p>It dismisses the role of subjective interpretations and context (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Chalmers, scientific knowledge cannot be solely derived from which of the following?

<p>Sense perception (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the search for objectivity in science suggest about researchers?

<p>Their values and experiences may influence their research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did Lincoln and Guba propose regarding scientific paradigms?

<p>A 'paradigm shift' occurred, leading to new assumptions replacing old ones (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Kuhn assert about 'normal science'?

<p>It proceeds through crises that challenge its development (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes qualitative researchers' approach compared to positivists?

<p>They adopt a more nuanced understanding of scientific inquiry (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of scientific knowledge being 'not value free' imply for researchers?

<p>Their values and experiences can shape their interpretations and findings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of data collection in qualitative research?

<p>Generating rich and in-depth data (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, how should researchers approach their relationship with participants?

<p>Based on a position of equality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of qualitative research regarding its theoretical framework?

<p>It evolves from incoming data. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of qualitative nursing and midwifery research?

<p>Understanding human experiences (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In qualitative research, what does the term 'inductive' refer to?

<p>Generating general theories from specific observations (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do qualitative researchers achieve their understanding of participants?

<p>Through interpreting experiences shared by participants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes how qualitative researchers should handle their preconceived ideas?

<p>They should maintain an open mind while recognizing their biases. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of qualitative research closely aligns with the essence of modern nursing?

<p>Flexibility and openness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of account does qualitative research tend to generate?

<p>In-depth narratives of participant realities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of qualitative research is highlighted as developmental and dynamic?

<p>Process as well as outcomes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is contextualization important in qualitative research?

<p>It acknowledges the role of history and situational factors on behavior. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of the relationship between researchers and participants in qualitative studies?

<p>Based on trust and openness (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the nested strategy in qualitative research involve?

<p>Implementing a main methodology and incorporating techniques from another. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a holistic perspective important in qualitative nursing research?

<p>It recognizes individuals as more than just diagnostic cases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common goal of qualitative researchers who focus on phenomenology?

<p>To describe the characteristics of a specific phenomenon. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of sequential strategies?

<p>They often start with qualitative methods followed by quantitative methods. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In parallel approaches, how are qualitative and quantitative methods treated?

<p>Both are valued equally to provide a comprehensive understanding. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of human experience is particularly emphasized in qualitative nursing and midwifery research?

<p>Emotions, perceptions, and actions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does qualitative nursing research aim to improve among health professionals?

<p>Caring, communication, and interaction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does methodological slurring refer to?

<p>Combining multiple methodologies without regard to their fundamental principles. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important for researchers to select a method that 'fits' their philosophical position?

<p>To align the research framework with the language, philosophy, and strategies of the method. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What types of approaches are included in qualitative research?

<p>Phenomenology and narrative analysis. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a reason experts argue against method slurring?

<p>Method slurring promotes interdisciplinary collaboration. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method focuses on improving understanding through the analysis of language?

<p>Textual analyses such as discourse analysis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Hypothetico-Deductive Model

A scientific approach that moves from general principles to specific observations, aiming to test existing theories.

Positivism

The belief that scientific knowledge can be proven through rigorous observation and experimentation.

Science Beyond Senses

The idea that scientific knowledge is not solely derived from sensory perception but also involves interpretation and context.

Subjectivity in Science

The idea that scientific knowledge is influenced by the values, experiences, and biases of the researchers.

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Science is Not Value-Free

The argument that science is not 'value-free' and is affected by the values and backgrounds of researchers.

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Paradigm Shift

A significant shift in scientific thinking where established paradigms are challenged and replaced by new ones.

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Normal Science

A period of scientific progress characterized by a shared set of assumptions and methods within a scientific community.

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Kuhn's Theory of Scientific Revolutions

The idea that scientific progress is not linear but rather involves periods of stability and crisis leading to significant breakthroughs.

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Between-method triangulation

Using two or more research methods to examine the same research question from different perspectives.

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Data triangulation

Collecting data about the same phenomenon using different tools or approaches.

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Mixing methods

Combining quantitative and qualitative research methods within the same study.

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Single methodological model

A research approach where the researcher does not clearly distinguish between qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

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Dual methodological models

A research approach that emphasizes distinct and separate qualitative and quantitative methodologies.

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Purist views

The researcher's belief that qualitative and quantitative research should not be combined within the same study.

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Triangulation

Combining qualitative and quantitative research methods to explore the same research question.

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Practical implications

Different research methods might have different implications for practical applications.

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Nested Strategy

Involves combining a primary research framework with a technique from another methodology. For example, using participant observation and then conducting a survey.

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Sequential Strategy

Involves using different methodologies sequentially, often starting with a qualitative approach to explore an issue and then building a quantitative study based on the findings.

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Parallel Approach

Utilizes qualitative and quantitative approaches concurrently, valuing both equally to provide a comprehensive understanding of the topic.

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Method Slurring

Blending or confusing different qualitative research methods without acknowledging their unique assumptions and procedures.

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Phenomenology

A philosophical approach to understanding human experience, focusing on individual perceptions and lived experiences.

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Grounded Theory

A method for generating theory based on data collected through interviews, observations, and other qualitative techniques.

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Ethnography

A research approach that studies the culture of a specific group of people, often through participant observation and interviews.

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Discourse Analysis

The analysis of language, discourse, and conversation to uncover underlying meanings and structures.

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Data-driven research

The research process starts with observations and data, which then lead to the development of theories.

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Inductive approach

Researchers are open to new ideas and interpretations that emerge from the data, rather than focusing on pre-existing hypotheses.

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Equal partnership

The relationship between researcher and participants is based on mutual respect and understanding.

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Contextualisation

Researchers try to understand the context of the research setting and the participants' experiences.

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Dynamic and developmental

The research process evolves as data is gathered and analyzed, leading to new insights and perspectives.

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Data richness

Researchers collect rich and in-depth data that provide a deeper understanding of the research topic.

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Data-driven theory generation

Theories are developed or modified based on the data collected, rather than being imposed beforehand.

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Immersion

Researchers immerse themselves in the research setting to understand the participants' experiences and perspectives.

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Mixed Methods Research

A research approach where the researcher combines different methods, such as interviews and surveys, to study the same research question.

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Focus on Human Experiences

Qualitative research in nursing and midwifery emphasizes understanding the experiences and perspectives of individuals, often resulting in a rich and detailed narrative that reveals the meaning people attach to their experiences.

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Holistic Perspective

Qualitative research adopts a holistic approach, considering the whole person within their social and cultural context, examining not just physical conditions but also emotions, perceptions, and actions.

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Connection to Nursing Philosophy

Qualitative research methods align well with the values of nursing, emphasizing empathy, open communication, flexibility, and a commitment to understanding individuals' needs.

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Beyond the Diagnostic Case

Qualitative research in nursing and midwifery recognizes that individuals are more than just medical cases, emphasizing the importance of understanding people in their natural environment. The researcher focuses on building trust and open communication with participants.

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The Role of Social Context

Qualitative research methods are designed to highlight the social and cultural contexts in which people's health experiences occur, recognizing the influence of social factors on health outcomes.

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Understanding Experiences and Meanings

Qualitative research in nursing and midwifery aims to understand the perspectives, experiences, and meanings that individuals attribute to their health and healthcare journeys. This type of research aims to capture the richness and complexity of human experiences and provide valuable insights into patient care.

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Flexibility and Openness

Qualitative research in nursing and midwifery values the importance of flexibility, openness, and adaptability in the research process, allowing researchers to adapt to evolving situations and gain a deeper understanding of the phenomena under study.

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Trust and Openness in the Researcher-Participant Relationship

Qualitative research in nursing and midwifery emphasizes the importance of trust and open communication between the researcher and the participant, recognizing that this relationship forms the foundation for insightful and meaningful discoveries.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Qualitative Research

  • Qualitative research explores how people interpret and understand their experiences.
  • It's an umbrella term encompassing various approaches.
  • Aims to understand social reality of individuals, groups and cultures.
  • Researchers explore behavior, perspectives, feelings and experiences.

The Nature of Qualitative Research: Development and Perspectives

  • Qualitative research traces its background, development and features.
  • It puts practical sections into a theoretical and methodological context.
  • Qualitative research focuses on how people interpret and make sense of their experiences in the world.
  • Different approaches exist within the framework, aiming to understand social reality of individuals, groups and cultures.
  • Ethnographers study culture, customs; ground theorists analyze social processes; phenomenologists investigate the meaning of experiences.
  • Qualitative research is valuable for exploring change and conflict, using interpretive approach to social reality and description of lived experiences.
  • Qualitative and quantitative approaches differ in underlying philosophies (e.g., positivist vs. interpretivist paradigms).

The Natural Science Model (Positivism, Objectivism or Naturalism)

  • Quantitative research is rooted in nineteenth century, positivism and early natural science.
  • Belief in universal laws and emphasis on objectivity and neutrality.
  • Insistence on testing theories and hypotheses using methods developed in natural sciences (physical sciences).
  • Nineteenth-century philosopher Comte suggested that social sciences should use natural science research methods.
  • Positivist researchers control theoretical framework, sampling, and research structure to achieve objectivity.

The Interpretive/Descriptive Approach

  • Roots in philosophy, history and anthropology.
  • Focus on how people make sense of their subjective reality and attach meaning.
  • Social scientists approach people within their life contexts.
  • Aims to understand human experience and interaction, not just explanation, prediction, and control.
  • Interpretivist view links to Weber's Verstehen (understanding in context) approach.
  • Differentiates between nomothetic (general laws) and idiographic (individual actions) methods.
  • Stresses qualitative analysis in social sciences.

The Paradigm Debate

  • Traditional view of science (positivism) was challenged in the 1960s.
  • Debate emerged about the nature of social reality and knowledge.
  • Kuhn's concept of "paradigm shifts" (a shift in a fundamental worldview) has been influential. Social researchers discuss the idea that a paradigm shift has occurred in social sciences.
  • Some researchers argue for the use of both qualitative and quantitative research, highlighting limitations of focusing solely on one approach.

The Historical Background

  • Qualitative research, used by anthropologists and sociologists, has roots in historical concern with understanding cultures and groups.
  • Early twentieth-century social scientists (e.g. Malinowski, Mead) and Chicago School sociologists used qualitative methods.
  • Emergence of symbolic interactionism and grounded theory advanced qualitative research.
  • Growth in the use of qualitative research.
  • Different qualitative approaches (ethnography, grounded theory, etc.) and related theories and methods have emerged and developed.

The Methodology

  • Characteristics of qualitative research:
    • Data-driven, context-sensitive and grounded in the natural settings being investigated.
    • Researcher immerse themselves in the study context.
    • Data collection and analysis often occur concurrently.
  • Methods include ethnography, grounded theory, phenomenology, conversation analysis and cooperative inquiry.
  • Importance of researcher reflexivity.

Thick Description

  • Detailed portrayal of participants’ experiences.
  • Focus on interpreting participant's interpretations.

Method Triangulation (mixing methods)

  • Using multiple methods to gather data or draw conclusions from research data.
  • Different strategies for mixing methods include:
    • Nested strategy: main framework with a technique from another methodology
    • Sequential strategy: qualitative followed by quantitative techniques or vice versa
    • Parallel strategy: multiple methods at the same time
  • Advantages and disadvantages of mixing methods are considered.

What Methodology in Nursing and Midwifery Research

  • Methodology in nursing and midwifery should reflect the nature of questions and problems, values and skills of the researcher, and resources available.
  • Researchers should consider their own competencies and limitations.
  • Methodolatry (obsession with method) should be avoided.
  • Qualitative research can use both theoretical frameworks and data to create a theory.

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Description

This quiz delves into qualitative research, exploring its purpose, development, and various methodologies. It covers how qualitative research seeks to understand human experiences and social realities through different approaches. Participants will learn about ethnography, grounded theory, and phenomenology.

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