Introduction to Psychopathology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Normal/abnormal refer to ____ while adaptive/maladaptive refer to ____

  • Statistical deviance, effectiveness (correct)
  • Psychopathology, functioning
  • Functioning, psychopathology
  • Effectiveness, statistical deviance

Which conception of psychopathology involves determining psychopathology only by involuntary behavior?

  • Dyscontrol or dysregulation (correct)
  • Statistical deviance
  • DSM/ICD
  • Social deviance
  • Harmful dysfunction

Which conception of psychopathology involves creation of a taxonomy?

  • Social deviance
  • Harmful dysfunction
  • DSM/ICD (correct)
  • Dyscontrol or dysregulation
  • Statistical deviance

Which conception of psychopathology involves determining psychopathology by measuring deviance from the norm?

<p>Statistical deviance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a major difference between the social deviance vs. statistical abnormality conceptualizations of psychopathology?

<p>Social deviance uses cultural rules, while statistical abnormality uses tests and measures to determine psychopathology (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which conception of psychopathology involves in a way based upon evolution?

<p>Harmful dysfunction (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The notion that development consists of a set of interrelated domains that exert transactional effects refers to:

<p>Holism (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The dynamics transactions that occur among developing systems cuts across developmental systems and affects the course of development refers to:

<p>Developmental cascades (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Multifinality refers to:

<p>Individuals may begin at a common starting point but the resultant pathways from that origin may diverge to other outcomes. (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is FALSE about developmental psychopathology?

<p>Developmental psychopathology is the single theory that can best explain the diverse nature of psychopathology (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Comorbidity refers to:

<p>The co-existence of two or more disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

With development, children's behavior becomes more flexible with increased organization and differentiation refers to:

<p>Differentiation of modes and goals (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Earlier, more undifferentiated forms of behavior become hierarchically integrated into later forms of behavior refers to:

<p>Mobility of behavioral function (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The notion that children are active shapers of their environment and not passive recipients of experience refers to:

<p>Directedness (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging approach involves measuring changes in magnetic field properties due to oxygenated versus deoxygenated blood?

<p>functional magnetic resonance imaging (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The proportion of the variability in psychological symptoms or traits that can be attributed to genetic variability refers to:

<p>Heritability (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is especially involved in reward and reinforcement, motor function, and cognition and attention.

<p>Dopamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is involved in attention and memory

<p>Serotonin (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which neuroimaging approach involves radioactively labeled substances being introduced into the bloodstream, where they are taken up into the brain?

<p>Positive emission tomography (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is important in emotion processing?

<p>Right hemisphere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is associated with behavioral and emotional regulation

<p>Dopamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the adult brain

<p>Glutamate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This neurotransmitter is involved in the flight or fight response

<p>Epinephrine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This refers to a cluster or group of co-occurring symptoms that represents a cultural pattern of distress.

<p>Cultural syndromes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This involves an explanatory model of distress focused on specific causal factors rather than on a core of symptoms or experiences.

<p>Cultural explanation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was NOT one of the Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys?

<p>Adult psychiatric morbidity study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder or phenomenon involves trembling, attacks of crying, screaming uncontrollably, and verbal or physical aggression?

<p>Ataques de nervios (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disorder or phenomenon involves criticism, hostility, and emotional involvement?

<p>Expressed emotion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This refers to ways of talking about suffering that are not associated with a core set of syndromes or causes.

<p>Cultural idioms of distress (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about misdiagnosis of antisocial personality disorder?

<p>A diagnosis of antisocial personality disorder is more likely to occur for males (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This is when a test item has different measurement properties for different groups.

<p>Differential item functioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Men are more likely to ____ while women are more likely to ____

<p>delay seeking treatment; seek treatment in general (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

This occurs when masculine or feminine persons are more likely to endorse an item

<p>Differential item functioning (C), Gender bias in measurement (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Generally speaking, when are clinicians more accurate in making a diagnosis?

<p>When the gender and race of the case are the same as those of the clinician (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is true about misdiagnosis of schizophrenia?

<p>Black and Hispanic patients were more likely than White patients to be misdiagnosed with schizophrenia when symptoms suggest psychotic affective disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between the DSM and ICD?

<p>The ICD has a research and a clinican version, while the DSM has only one version. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current focus of the DSM 5?

<p>Neurobiological (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of information is excluded from the DSM-IV-TR?

<p>Treatment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the current version of the DSM?

<p>V (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Using a less-efffective therapy as a control condition is an example of what type of control?

<p>Alternative therapy control (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of research investigates variables such as therapist behaviors and interactions with the client?

<p>Process research (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is not true about a waiting list control?

<p>Clients do not receive treatment at all (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major difference between probably efficacious and efficacious ESTs?

<p>More than one research group has validated the treatment in efficacious ESTs, while only one group is needed for probably-efficacious ESTs. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What term refers to comparing effectiveness of a therapy to other published measures?

<p>Benchmarking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Normal/Abnormal Concept

Refers to statistical deviance, while adaptive/maladaptive refer to effectiveness.

Dyscontrol or Dysregulation

Involves determining psychopathology by involuntary behavior.

DSM/ICD Taxonomy

Involves the creation of a taxonomy for psychopathology classification.

Statistical Deviance Definition

Determines psychopathology by measuring deviance from the norm.

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Social Deviance Difference

Uses cultural rules, while statistical abnormality uses tests to determine psychopathology.

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Harmful Dysfunction Theory

Involves psychopathology based on evolutionary perspective.

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Developmental Cascades

Refers to the dynamics of transactions that affect development across systems.

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Multifinality

Refers to multiple pathways leading to a single outcome.

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Comorbidity Definition

The co-existence of two or more disorders in an individual.

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Equifinality Concept

Individuals may start at a common point but diverge into different outcomes.

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Differentiation of Modes and Goals

Children's behavior becomes more flexible with development.

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Neuroimaging Functional MRI

Measures changes in blood oxygenation levels in the brain.

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Heritability Definition

The proportion of variability in traits that can be attributed to genetics.

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Dopamine Function

Involved in reward, reinforcement, motor function, and cognition.

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Acetylcholine Role

Involved in attention and memory processes.

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Cultural Syndromes

A cluster of co-occurring symptoms representing a cultural pattern of distress.

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Cultural Explanation Model

Involves an explanatory model of distress focused on specific causal factors.

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Differential Item Functioning

When a test item has different measurement properties for different groups.

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Gender Bias in Measurement

Occurs when men or women are more likely to endorse certain test items.

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Probable Efficacy vs. Efficacy

Probable efficacious treatments have less validation compared to efficacious ones.

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Waiting List Control

Clients do not receive treatment but may show ethical issues for prolonged waiting.

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Collaborative Psychiatric Epidemiology Surveys

Studies that investigate mental health across diverse populations.

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Emotion Dysregulation Characteristics

Involves trembling, uncontrolled crying, screaming, and aggression.

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Expressed Emotion

Involves criticism, hostility, and emotional involvement in relationships.

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Misdiagnosis of Disorders

Disorders may be identified incorrectly across different demographic groups.

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Current DSM Focus

The DSM 5 focuses on neurobiological explanations of mental illness.

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Clinical Trials Research

Investigates variables such as therapist behaviors and client interactions.

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Comparative Science

Refers to comparing the effectiveness of therapies to other established measures.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Psychopathology

  • Normal/abnormal behavior distinguishes adaptive from maladaptive functioning
  • Two key factors in determining 'normal' versus 'abnormal' are statistical deviance and the effectiveness of functioning.

Conceptions of Psychopathology

  • Harmful dysfunction involves a breakdown in function (dysfunction) that is considered harmful.
  • Social deviance involves behaviors or traits that violate societal norms.
  • Statistical deviance measures behavior relative to the norm, determining whether it falls outside the range of typical behaviors.
  • Dyscontrol or dysregulation reflects a problem with self-regulation, not conforming to expected standards of function.
  • DSM/ICD systems create taxonomies for different psychological disorders.

Distinguishing Social Deviance vs. Statistical Deviance

  • Social deviance relies on cultural rules in evaluating psychopathology, while statistical deviance uses tests and measures to identify abnormalities.
  • Social deviance is considered objective, while statistical deviance is subjective.
  • Social deviance considers dysfunction, while statistical deviance assesses function.

Developmental Psychopathology

  • Developmental psychopathology stresses the transactional processes between a child and the environment.
  • Multifinality refers to multiple pathways leading to a single outcome
  • Equifinality refers to multiple pathways leading to the same outcome.
  • The co-existence of multiple disorders, known as comorbidity, is common in developmental psychopathology
  • Developmental Psychopathology seeks to understand diverse nature through integration of multiple levels of analyses

Measurement in Psychopathology

  • Diagnosticians focus on reliability and validity in their analyses
  • Heritability refers to the proportion of variability in a trait that can be attributed to genetic factors.
  • Neurotransmitters play important roles in brain function, affecting behavior and emotions
  • Common Neurotransmitters include Glutamate, Acetylcholine, Serotonin, Epinephrine and Dopamine.
  • Different neuroimaging techniques measure brain activity and function. Examples include fMRI, EEG, and PET

Cultural Considerations in Psychopathology

  • Cultural syndromes are clusters of co-occurring symptoms that reflect a particular cultural pattern in how various cultures understand distress
  • Cultural idioms of distress describe ways of experiencing and communicating distress within a specific culture.

Comorbidity and Misdiagnosis

  • Comorbidity refers to the simultaneous presence of two or more disorders in an individual.
  • Gender bias and cultural factors can influence the accuracy of diagnoses.

DSM and ICD

  • DSM-5 is an American manual used most frequently by psychiatrists.
  • ICD is an international manual of mental health diagnoses.
  • Both systems serve as reference guides for evaluating and classifying mental health disorders.

Research Methods in Psychopathology

  • Waiting list controls, alternative treatment controls and placebo controls are common methods for evaluating interventions

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