experimental psych - exam 1
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Questions and Answers

Prior to 1879, what were mental and behavioral disturbances commonly attributed to?

  • Chemical imbalances
  • Environmental factors
  • Genetics
  • Evil spirits and demons (correct)

    • Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory in 1879.

    True (A)

    What is the primary method for gaining knowledge in the scientific method?

    Empiricism

    The statement 'If it rains, then the ground will be wet' is an example of [BLANK].

    <p>deduction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research examples with their respective areas of focus:

    <p>Milgram's obedience studies = Social psychology Zimbardo's prison study = Social psychology Identifications of mental illness = Clinical psychology Use of medications to treat schizophrenia, bipolar, ect = Clinical psychology The use of therapies to treat depression, ptsd, anxiety, eating disorders, ect = Clinical psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following principles of science emphasizes seeking the simplest explanation for a phenomenon?

    <p>Parsimony (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Basic research is conducted to solve a specific problem.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the first step in the research process?

    <p>Developing a research question</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A research question can be either ______ or ______.

    <p>descriptive, causal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research databases with their primary focus:

    <p>PsycINFO = Psychology and related fields PubMed = Biomedical research ERIC = Education research Google Scholar = Wide range of academic disciplines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The 'And/Or?Not' feature in PsycINFO allows you to combine search terms using Boolean operators.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one way to narrow down your search results in PsycINFO?

    <p>Adding more keywords</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the scientific method?

    <p>Reliance on intuition and personal experience (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary feature of research articles?

    <p>Peer reviewed (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Google Scholar only provides access to peer-reviewed articles.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should you find in the discussion section of a research article?

    <p>Comparison of findings to predictions and explanations for results.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A _______ is a study that combines results from multiple studies.

    <p>Meta-Analysis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following publication types with their descriptions:

    <p>Research Articles = Describes new studies Reviews = Summarizes past findings Systematic Reviews = Covers all papers in an area Meta-Analyses = Combines results from various studies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which section of a research article provides a short summary of the study?

    <p>Abstract (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The reference section lists all papers cited in a research article in alphabetical order.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is included in the method section of a research article?

    <p>Info about participants, study design, materials used, and procedure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of conducting a literature review?

    <p>To avoid duplicating previous research (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A meta-analysis is not data-driven.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical guidelines must researchers follow regarding informed consent?

    <p>Researchers must provide information about the study, obtain consent, and inform participants of their right to withdraw.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The ______ Code was formed in response to unethical research practices during WWII.

    <p>Nuremberg</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match each ethical principle with its description:

    <p>Respect for persons = Informed consent and autonomy Beneficence = Minimizing harm and maximizing benefits Justice = Fair selection of participants Confidentiality = Protection of participant data</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was a consequence of the Nuremberg Code?

    <p>Emphasis on informed consent (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All participants in research must receive equal benefits.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the significant ethical issues raised during the Milgram obedience study?

    <p>The use of deception and its impact on participant welfare.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Institutional __________ Boards oversee research to ensure ethical guidelines are followed.

    <p>Review</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following research figures with their contributions:

    <p>Nuremberg Code = Informed consent principle APA Code = Ethical standards for psychological research Milgram = Study on obedience under authority IACUC = Oversight of animal research</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following procedures is not permitted in research involving animals?

    <p>Releasing animals into the wild after study (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Only trained personnel may be involved in animal research.

    <p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ensuring confidentiality in research?

    <p>To protect participant data and maintain trust.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Research must be conducted by qualified __________ to ensure ethical standards are maintained.

    <p>researchers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What ethical guideline is directly related to minimizing harm in research?

    <p>Beneficence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Psychology

    • Prior to 1879, mental illnesses were attributed to evil spirits and demons.
    • Treatments involved trepanation and exorcism.
    • Insane asylums were places where people with mental illness were confined and often subjected to inhumane treatment.
    • People were sometimes put on display in "freak shows."

    Early Psychology

    • 1879: Wilhelm Wundt established the first psychology laboratory at Leipzig University, Germany.
    • Early research focused on identifying mental illnesses and developing treatments.
    • Treatments included medications for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, depression, PTSD, and anxiety.
    • Also developed therapies for various mental issues and the study of obedience.

    Scientific Methods in Psychology

    • Research is fundamental to understanding the causes of disorders.
    • Intuition, deduction, authority, and observation are key to knowledge generation.
    • Scientific methods, encompassing empiricism, observation, and determinism, provide the most accurate understanding.
    • Simple explanations are preferred if they are as accurate as possible.
    • Data and confirmation of bias with verifiable findings are crucial in research.

    Research Questions and Literature Reviews

    • Developing a research question is the first step in the research process.
    • Research questions can be descriptive (e.g. percentage of vegetarians) or causal (e.g. vegetarian diet health impacts).
    • It is important to conduct a literature review before creating a research question to ensure it adds to existing knowledge.
    • Literature reviews increase research accuracy and avoid replication.

    Research Article Structure

    • Research articles follow a structured format to ensure clear communication of research.

    Ethical Considerations in Psychological Research

    • Ethical guidelines are critical in protecting participants' rights and well-being.
    • The Nuremberg Code was created as a response to Nazi medical experiments, which highlighted the importance of ethical considerations in research.
    • Informed consent, avoiding harm, and ensuring benefits outweigh risks are key ethical principles.
    • Ethical practices for both human and animal participants are crucial in psychological research.
    • Institutional review boards (IRBs) ensure research adheres to ethical guidelines.

    Reporting Psychological Research

    • Researchers must follow ethical guidelines when reporting their results.
    • Accurate reporting is imperative in the process, and researchers must properly cite their sources.
    • Avoiding plagiarism is crucial.

    Reviewing Research Literature

    • Literature reviews summarize existing research on a specific topic.
    • Reviews play a crucial role in supporting hypotheses by confirming existing knowledge.

    Basic and Applied Research

    • Basic research aims to advance understanding in a field of study.
    • Applied research seeks to solve practical problems.

    Using Data in Research

    • Demonstrating that a study is important is part of scientific research, especially in the aspect of psychology.
    • Gathering and displaying data is important to support study conclusion.

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