Earliest Theory of Mental Illness
67 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What happens to fat cells that develop early in life when a person tries to lose weight?

  • They shrink (correct)
  • They increase in size
  • They disappear
  • They remain the same

    • What term is used to describe people who quit or greatly reduce their drinking without any formal intervention?

  • A volitional act
  • Random recovery
  • An unpremeditated action
  • Spontaneous remission (correct)

    • What is the term for the introduction of something unpleasant to discourage a negative health habit?

  • Aversion therapy (correct)
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Self-persecution
  • Counter-conditioning

    • What is the most frequently reported sexually transmitted infection in Australia?

    <p>Chlamydia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the earliest theory of mental illness?

    <p>Evil spirits within the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the humoural theory of illness?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of trephination in the earliest theory of mental illness?

    <p>To release evil spirits from the body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Galen, what causes a person to be depressed or melancholic?

    <p>Too much black bile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is not a characteristic of the biomedical model?

    <p>Recognises that psychology and physiology influence each other</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What predicts health behaviours according to the Health Belief Model?

    <p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the idea that changes in physiology mediate the relationship between unconscious conflicts and illness?

    <p>Psychosomatic medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the percentage of Australian adults who are overweight or obese?

    <p>61 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the prevalence of obesity among Indigenous females compared to non-Indigenous females?

    <p>It is 1.5 times higher among Indigenous females</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a reason for the development of the biopsychosocial model of health?

    <p>The leading causes of death today are largely preventable</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true of obesity rates among children and adolescents in Australia?

    <p>Rates are increasing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the leading causes of death in Australia?

    <p>cancer, circulatory disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the difference between normal and obese individuals?

    <p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key factor that influences health behaviours according to the Health Belief Model?

    <p>All of the above, plus the benefits and barriers of health behaviours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where have the greatest number of placements of health psychologists been in recent years?

    <p>both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a factor in the health belief model?

    <p>perceived resistance to the health threat</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was added to the health belief model to adapt to people's uncertainty about changing their health behaviours?

    <p>self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of people who lose weight via dieting are likely to gain it back?

    <p>90 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the single most preventable cause of illness, disability, and premature death in Australia?

    <p>smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many people are estimated to die from smoking-related illnesses in Australia each year?

    <p>19 000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of smoking addiction?

    <p>there is a genetic component to it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of dependence is related to alcoholism?

    <p>both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a social-cognitive factor that contributes to alcohol abuse?

    <p>Using alcohol as an escape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to alcoholism according to genetic research?

    <p>A gene that alters dopamine receptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated heritability of alcoholism for both males and females?

    <p>30 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a true statement about alcohol abuse?

    <p>Genetics is the sole contributor to alcohol abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What increases a person's risk of contracting a sexually transmitted disease (STD)?

    <p>Personality factors such as high impulsiveness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is stress defined as?

    <p>A challenge to a person's capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is acculturative stress?

    <p>Stress experienced when adapting to a new culture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the field of psychology that examines the influence of psychosocial factors on the functioning of the immune system?

    <p>Psychoneuroimmunology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three important cells of the immune system?

    <p>B cells, natural killer cells, T cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a reason why people engage in health-compromising behaviour?

    <p>Lack of knowledge</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a challenge to a person's capacity to adapt to inner and outer demands?

    <p>Stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do subjective norms reflect?

    <p>How significant others will view the behaviour and the motivation to comply with their desires</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the theory of planned behaviour an extension of?

    <p>The theory of reasoned action and the theory of self-efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is obesity often considered in terms of prejudice and discrimination?

    <p>The last socially acceptable object of prejudice and discrimination</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between BMI and depression among women?

    <p>Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which chemical is NOT affected by smoking?

    <p>Androgen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the scope of health psychology?

    <p>Understanding psychological influences on health and illness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the humoral theory of illness?

    <p>Disease is caused by an imbalance of bodily fluids</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Galen's theory of personality?

    <p>Excess of yellow bile makes one easy to anger</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who proposed the humoral theory of illness?

    <p>Hippocrates</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is NOT a focus of health psychology?

    <p>The impact of socioeconomic status on health</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of B cells in the immune system?

    <p>To produce antibodies that mark foreign cells for destruction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of personality is commonly linked to heart disease?

    <p>Type A</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who is credited with the description of the 'fight-or-flight' response?

    <p>Walter Cannon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the tendency to exert minimal effort to escape stressful social and economic circumstances?

    <p>Low-effort syndrome</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of natural killer cells in the immune system?

    <p>To fight viruses and tumours</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the buffering hypothesis in the context of stress research?

    <p>Social support is a protective factor against the harmful effects of stress</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of reducing stress by expressing emotions?

    <p>Emotional disclosure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary area of focus for the future of health psychology?

    <p>The environment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relative risk of dying within a certain timeframe after the death of a spouse?

    <p>6 months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of the low-effort syndrome?

    <p>The tendency to exert minimal effort to escape stressful social and economic circumstances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason contributing to the lack of access to clean water and sanitation, according to the World Health Organization?

    <p>Extreme poverty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term refers to the idea that the relationship between the unconscious and illness causes physiological changes?

    <p>Psychosomatic medicine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What influences a person's willingness to begin a healthy behavior or terminate an unhealthy one, according to the Health Belief Model?

    <p>Cues to action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated percentage of Australians who are overweight or obese?

    <p>61 percent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correlation between BMI and the amount of leptin produced?

    <p>Positive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the surgical procedure that reduces the size of the stomach?

    <p>Gastroplasty</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is considered the single most preventable cause of illness, disability, and death?

    <p>Smoking</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phase of the general adaptation syndrome is associated with the release of adrenalin and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Alarm</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the theory of reasoned action, what two factors must be considered to understand someone's intentions?

    <p>Attitudes and subjective norms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the estimated number of deaths per year in Australia due to smoking-related illnesses?

    <p>19,000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Theories of Mental Illness

    • The earliest theory of mental illness argued that mental illness was a punishment of the gods, or caused by evil spirits within the body.
    • One way to rid the body of evil spirits was through trephination, a crude type of surgery that involved drilling holes in the skull to allow the spirits to escape.

    Health Belief Model

    • The health belief model suggests that health behaviors are predicted by four factors:
      • Perceived susceptibility to the health threat
      • Perceived seriousness of the health threat
      • Benefits and barriers of undertaking particular health behaviors
      • Cues to action
    • This model helps explain why people engage in healthy or unhealthy behaviors.

    Obesity in Australia

    • 61 percent of adults in Australia are overweight or obese.
    • Rates of obesity are increasing in children and adolescents.
    • Indigenous females are more likely to be obese than non-Indigenous females.

    Biomedical and Biopsychosocial Models

    • The biomedical model reduces disease to biological causes at the individual level.
    • The biopsychosocial model recognizes that psychology and physiology influence each other.
    • The biopsychosocial model is a more comprehensive approach to understanding health and illness.

    Aversion Therapy

    • Aversion therapy is a technique that introduces something unpleasant to discourage negative health habits.
    • For example, a drug like Antabuse is used to treat alcohol addiction, and causes severe nausea and vomiting if alcohol is consumed while taking the medication.

    Leading Causes of Death in Australia

    • The leading causes of death in Australia are circulatory disease and cancer.

    Health Promotion and Clinical Health

    • Health psychologists work in health promotion and clinical health, focusing on preventing illness and promoting healthy behaviors.

    Genetics and Health

    • Genetics play a role in health behaviors, such as smoking and alcoholism.
    • For example, some people may be more susceptible to nicotine addiction due to their genetic makeup.

    Stress and Immune System

    • Stress can weaken the immune system, making us more susceptible to illness.
    • Psychoneuroimmunology is the study of how psychological factors affect the immune system.

    Type A Personality

    • Type A personality is associated with an increased risk of heart disease.
    • Characteristics of Type A personality include defensiveness, negative affect, and suppressed hostility.

    Acculturative Stress

    • Acculturative stress occurs when people adapt to a new culture.
    • This type of stress can lead to physical and mental health problems.

    Psychoneuroimmunology

    • Psychoneuroimmunology examines the relationship between psychological factors and the immune system.
    • Research in this field has shown that stress can weaken the immune system, making us more susceptible to illness.### Health Threats in Australia
    • Tobacco is the primary health threat in Australia, while obesity ranks second, with around half of the adult population being overweight or obese.

    Leptin and Obesity

    • Leptin is produced by fat tissue and operates on the hypothalamus to regulate body weight.
    • There is a positive correlation between BMI and the amount of leptin.

    Gastroplasty

    • Gastroplasty, or stomach stapling, involves reducing the size of the stomach to treat individuals who are at least 100% overweight.

    Preventable Causes of Illness

    • Smoking is considered the single most preventable cause of illness, disability, and death, with an estimated 19,000 people dying each year from smoking-related illnesses in Australia.

    General Adaptation Syndrome

    • The alarm phase of the general adaptation syndrome is associated with the release of adrenalin and the activation of the sympathetic nervous system.

    Theory of Reasoned Action

    • Attitudes represent beliefs that a particular behavior will produce a particular outcome.
    • Subjective norms reflect how significant others will view the behavior and the motivation to comply with their desires.

    Attitudes and Behavioral Change

    • The theory of planned behavior takes into account all components of the theory of reasoned action plus the notion of self-efficacy.

    Obesity and Prejudice

    • Obesity may well be the last socially acceptable object of prejudice and discrimination.

    BMI and Depression

    • The correlation between BMI and depression depends on gender: women with higher BMIs have a higher frequency of major depressive episodes and suicidal ideation, while among men, lower BMIs are associated with depression and suicidal ideation.

    Smoking and Chemicals

    • Smoking increases levels of epinephrine and norepinephrine, producing improved mental acuity, reduces pain sensitivity, reduces feelings of anxiety, and creates feelings of relaxation.

    Health Psychology

    • Health psychology is devoted to understanding psychological influences on how people stay healthy, why they become ill, and how they respond when they do get ill, and why people do not exercise or engage in other preventative measures.

    Theories of Illness

    • The humoral theory of illness asserts that disease is caused by an imbalance in the four fluids of the body: blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.
    • Galen argued that an excess of yellow bile resulted in an individual who angered easily.
    • Hippocrates proposed the humoral theory of illness.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the earliest theory of mental illness and its treatment. Learn about the concept of evil spirits and the crude surgery of trephination.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser