Introduction to Psychology - Learning Chapter

Introduction to Psychology - Lecture Notes

• Course: Introduction to Psychology
• Course Code: PSY-301
• Credit Hours: 3(3-0)
• Semester: BS 4th/2nd
• Department: Applied Psychology, Faisalabad
• Teacher: Miss. Faiqa Tahir
• Lecture: 16

Contents

• Definition and Nature of Learning
• Types/Methods of Learning

Nature of Learning

• Learning is a process of change that allows an organism to adapt to its environment.
• It's a process of development and growth.
• Learning is characterized by flexibility, as individuals adapt to their environment's circumstances.

Further Definition of Learning

• Learning involves the modification of existing behaviours and understandings.
• It can include behaviours present at birth (through maturation) or acquired through learning.

Learning as a Process

• Learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior, resulting from experiences.
• This process starts after birth and continues until death.
• People learn and benefit from ongoing learning experiences throughout their lives.

Defining Behaviour

• The term "behavior" encompasses a wide range of activities, including reflexes, voluntary actions, verbal communication, and even internal mental processes like thought.
• It also includes neutral activities occurring within the brain.

Memory and Learning

• Memory plays a crucial role in learning.
• Learning progresses from sensory memory to short-term memory, and finally into long-term memory.
• Long-term memory stores all types of skills, knowledge, and information, which are accessible when needed.

Observing Learning

• Learning is not directly observable; it's inferred from changes in observable behavior.
• Learning is evident when individuals demonstrate new skills (e.g., swimming, driving, dancing).
• Learning is also evident through improved performance.

Performance and Learning

• Learning and performance are related, but performance doesn't always accurately reflect the amount learned.
• Other factors (e.g., stress, distractions) can affect performance.
• Performance is usually short-term, while learning is long-term.

Types of Learning

• Observation
• Cognitive/Insight
• Trial and Error
• Conditioning

Learning by Observation

• Observational learning differs from pure imitation.
• It involves witnessing another person and later performing the observed behaviour.
• This learning isn't explained by traditional teaching methods.

Requirements for Observational Learning (according to Bandura)

• Attention
• Retention
• Motivation
• Production

Quiz/Question

• Inborn behaviors (e.g., coughing, sneezing, swallowing) are classified as reflexes.

This quiz covers the fundamental concepts of learning as presented in the Introduction to Psychology course. It addresses the definition of learning, its nature, and different types of learning methods. Engage with the material to assess your understanding and retention of these key psychological principles.