Lecture 16: Introduction to Psychology PDF

Lecture -16 Subject : Introduction to Psychology Course Code PSY-301 Credit Hours 3(3-0) Semester: Bs. 4th/ 2nd Department of Applied Psychology Faisalabad Teacher Miss. Faiqa Tahir Contents Definition and Nature of Learning Types/Methods of Learning ...

Lecture -16 Subject : Introduction to Psychology Course Code PSY-301 Credit Hours 3(3-0) Semester: Bs. 4th/ 2nd Department of Applied Psychology Faisalabad Teacher Miss. Faiqa Tahir Contents Definition and Nature of Learning Types/Methods of Learning  Nature of Learning Learning is the process of change which enables an organism itself to the environment, it is therefore a process of development and growth and it is characterized by flexibility because the individual has to adapt itself constantly to the circumstances of the environment. Learning is the modification of pre- existing behaviors and understandings, it may have been present at birth acquired through maturation or learned earlier. Learning is relatively permanent change in behavior resulting from experiences. This process starts after birth and ends at the time of death. So people learn and profit from this learning throughout life. The term behavior is defined very broadly to include reflexes, voluntary behaviors, verbal behaviors, unobservable behaviors, such as thinking or even neutral activities in the brain. Memory profits the learning as it moves from sensory to short term memory and finally from short term memory to long term memory. So all types of skills, knowledge and information stored in memory and it helps us whenever we need.  Can we observe learning? We cannot observe leaning directly, but is inferred from changes in observable behavior. Learning occurs when we demonstrate new skills to ourselves, such as swimming, driving, dancing etc. Learning is apparent from improvements in Role of Performance in Learning Learning & performance closely related but performance is not always accurate reflection of the amount learned. For example when our cricket team performs poorly, that does not mean that the team had lost any of their skills. Other factors such as tensions, distractions prevented them form performing at the level of their true ability.  Performance & Learning Learning refers to relatively permanent changes in knowledge or behavior.... Performance , on the other hand, refers to temporary fluctuations in knowledge or behavior that can be measured or observed during (or shortly after) instruction. Simply put, performance is short-term, whereas learning is long-term. Types of Learning  Types of Learning  Observation  Cognitive/Insight  Trial and Error  Conditioning  Learning by Observation Observational learning is not the same as pure imitation of another behavior. Observational learning occurs as a result of witnessing another person, but is performed later and cannot be explained as having been taught in any other way  According to Bendura there are four requirements in observational learning Quiz/Question …………………... behaviors are inborn behaviors elicited by specific stimuli such as coughing, sneezing, swallowing and vomiting. a) Voluntary b) Reflexes c) Learned d) Acquired b) Reflexes Define Learning? How many types of learning? References 1. Shahnaz, R. (2010). An Approach to Psychology Vol. 1. Caravan Book House Lahore. 2. Feldman, S. R. (10th Ed) Understanding Psychology. 3. Bruno, J. F., Psychology A self-Teaching Guide. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey 4. https://www.verywellmind.com/psychology THANK YOU