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Questions and Answers
What is the name of the effect that describes the overestimation of one's knowledge in a specific domain?
What is the name of the effect that describes the overestimation of one's knowledge in a specific domain?
The Dunning-Kruger Effect
The study that demonstrated the Dunning-Kruger Effect involved comparing actual exam scores with students' guesses about their scores.
The study that demonstrated the Dunning-Kruger Effect involved comparing actual exam scores with students' guesses about their scores.
True
What does metacognition refer to?
What does metacognition refer to?
Being aware of what you know and what you do not know
What is forgetting, according to the text?
What is forgetting, according to the text?
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Ebbinghaus's research involved memorizing nonsense syllables to study forgetting.
Ebbinghaus's research involved memorizing nonsense syllables to study forgetting.
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The amount of information lost increases as the retention interval increases.
The amount of information lost increases as the retention interval increases.
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What is the best way to remember something, according to the text?
What is the best way to remember something, according to the text?
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What is psychology, according to the text?
What is psychology, according to the text?
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What does 'behavior' encompass, according to the text?
What does 'behavior' encompass, according to the text?
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What does 'mental processes' refer to, according to the text?
What does 'mental processes' refer to, according to the text?
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In what year was the first psychology laboratory established?
In what year was the first psychology laboratory established?
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Who established the first psychology laboratory?
Who established the first psychology laboratory?
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What is the name of the method used by Wundt to inspect elements of consciousness and think objectively about their own thoughts?
What is the name of the method used by Wundt to inspect elements of consciousness and think objectively about their own thoughts?
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Who expanded on Wundt's concepts with a focus on the mind's structure?
Who expanded on Wundt's concepts with a focus on the mind's structure?
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What is the term coined by Titchener to describe the breaking down of consciousness into basic elements?
What is the term coined by Titchener to describe the breaking down of consciousness into basic elements?
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Who is known for transitioning from anatomy to psychology and authoring one of the first psychology textbooks, called 'Principles of Psychology'?
Who is known for transitioning from anatomy to psychology and authoring one of the first psychology textbooks, called 'Principles of Psychology'?
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What school of thought, influenced by Charles Darwin, focuses on how the mind enables people to function in the real world?
What school of thought, influenced by Charles Darwin, focuses on how the mind enables people to function in the real world?
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What is the name of the school of thought that opposes structuralism and focuses on the whole rather than breaking things down, often expressed by the phrase 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts'?
What is the name of the school of thought that opposes structuralism and focuses on the whole rather than breaking things down, often expressed by the phrase 'the whole is greater than the sum of its parts'?
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Who is considered a pioneer in Gestalt Psychology?
Who is considered a pioneer in Gestalt Psychology?
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Which school of thought emphasizes the unconscious mind and the role of repressed urges and desires in causing psychological disorders?
Which school of thought emphasizes the unconscious mind and the role of repressed urges and desires in causing psychological disorders?
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Who introduced the concept of the unconscious mind to understand patients with unexplainable nervous disorders?
Who introduced the concept of the unconscious mind to understand patients with unexplainable nervous disorders?
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What is the name of the theory of personality and insight therapy based on Freud's ideas?
What is the name of the theory of personality and insight therapy based on Freud's ideas?
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Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are the same thing.
Psychotherapy and psychoanalysis are the same thing.
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What is the name of the school of thought that emphasizes observable and measurable behavior, rejecting the concept of the unconscious mind?
What is the name of the school of thought that emphasizes observable and measurable behavior, rejecting the concept of the unconscious mind?
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Who famously stated "Give me a dozen healthy infants…and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist…regardless of his talents…", highlighting the influence of environment on behavior?
Who famously stated "Give me a dozen healthy infants…and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist…regardless of his talents…", highlighting the influence of environment on behavior?
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Who is known for their work on operant conditioning, which involves learning through reinforcement?
Who is known for their work on operant conditioning, which involves learning through reinforcement?
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What is the name of the school of thought considered the "third force" in psychology, which emerged as a reaction to psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism and emphasizes individual capacity to shape their own lives?
What is the name of the school of thought considered the "third force" in psychology, which emerged as a reaction to psychoanalytic theory and behaviorism and emphasizes individual capacity to shape their own lives?
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Who are considered two of the early founders of Humanism?
Who are considered two of the early founders of Humanism?
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What is the name of the school of thought that gained prominence in the 1960s, often referred to as the "Cognitive Revolution", focusing on how people think, remember, store, and use information?
What is the name of the school of thought that gained prominence in the 1960s, often referred to as the "Cognitive Revolution", focusing on how people think, remember, store, and use information?
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What is the name of the subfield that examines the brain and nervous system during cognitive processes?
What is the name of the subfield that examines the brain and nervous system during cognitive processes?
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What school of thought combines social psychology and cultural psychology?
What school of thought combines social psychology and cultural psychology?
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Which theory focuses on sociocultural concepts in children's cognitive development?
Which theory focuses on sociocultural concepts in children's cognitive development?
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What school of thought attributes human and animal behavior and mental processes to biological events occurring in the body?
What school of thought attributes human and animal behavior and mental processes to biological events occurring in the body?
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What school of thought focuses on biological bases for universal mental characteristics, such as why we lie, how attractiveness influences mate selection, and why we enjoy things like music and dance?
What school of thought focuses on biological bases for universal mental characteristics, such as why we lie, how attractiveness influences mate selection, and why we enjoy things like music and dance?
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What approach utilizes bits and pieces of multiple perspectives to best fit a particular situation?
What approach utilizes bits and pieces of multiple perspectives to best fit a particular situation?
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Who traditionally holds a medical degree and specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders?
Who traditionally holds a medical degree and specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders?
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Study Notes
Course Information
- Course Title: Introduction to Psychology I
- Course Code: PSI127
- Academic Year: 2024-2025 Fall
- Instructor: Dr. Özge Bozkurt
Study Tips
- Dunning-Kruger Effect: People overestimate their knowledge in a specific area, unaware of their limitations. A study compared actual exam scores to students' guesses about their scores.
- Metacognition: Be aware of what you know and what you don't know.
- Specific Topic Awareness: Be aware of what you know about specific topics.
- READ-WAIT-SUMMARIZE: A good study strategy, involving reading, waiting, then summarizing the information.
- Consolidation: Long-term memories aren't formed instantly; they require consolidation. Sleep is crucial for this process.
- Forgetting: The failure to recognize or retrieve previously encoded information.
- Ebbinghaus Forgetting Curve: Information is lost quickly after learning, particularly within the first hour and day. The rate of forgetting declines as the retention interval increases.
Why Study Psychology?
- Self-awareness: Understanding yourself.
- Body-brain connection: The relationship between the body and mind.
- Improved learning and memory: Strategies for better learning and memorization.
- Stress management: How to deal with stress.
- Critical thinking: Recognizing potential flaws in research.
- Understanding of human behavior: Examining human behavior.
- Understanding of mental processes: Understanding how our minds work.
What is Psychology?
- The scientific study of behavior and mental processes.
- Behavior: outward actions and reactions (e.g., talking, facial expressions).
- Mental processes: internal, hidden activity of the mind (e.g., thinking, feeling, remembering).
History of Psychology
- Psychology is a relatively young field, approximately 145 years old.
- The first psychology laboratory was established in 1879 in Leipzig, Germany by Wilhelm Wundt.
- Early thinkers (e.g., Plato, Aristotle, Descartes) pondered the human mind and its connection to the body.
- Pre-1879 psychological research was conducted by medical doctors, philosophers, and physiologists who wondered about human behavior and animal behavior.
- Medical doctors/physiologists were interested in the connection between body and brain.
- Fechner and Helmholtz conducted experiments on perception.
- Early Pioneers in Psychology: Wilhelm Wundt, Edward Titchener, William James
Wundt and Objective Introspection
- Wundt believed consciousness could be broken down into basic elements.
- Objective introspection was a method used to study these elements. Students tried to understand their thought processes.
- Wundt's work introduced objectivity and measurement to psychology, making it a more scientific field.
Titchener and Structuralism
- Wundt's student, Edward Titchener, brought Wundt's ideas to America.
- Titchener’s research focused on structuralism, dissecting consciousness into individual emotions and sensations (e.g., "what is blue?").
- Advanced the use of introspection, looking at aspects of consciousness (thoughts and perceptions) not just physical sensations.
- Structuralism was a dominant force early in psychology. However, it fell out of favor.
William James and Functionalism
- James wanted to know how the mind enables people to function in everyday life.
- He emphasized the practical application of consciousness.
- Heavily influenced by Charles Darwin’s concept of natural selection.
- Behaviors promoting survival were passed on.
- Functionalism influenced educational and industrial/organizational psychology.
- Introduced the textbook, "Principles of Psychology," in 1890
Three Influential Approaches (in Earlier Decades)
- Gestalt Psychology: The whole is greater than the sum of its parts. Psychological events cannot be broken down; they must be understood as a whole entity.
- Psychoanalysis: Focused on the unconscious mind's influence on behavior and relied heavily on experiences during early childhood; introduced by Sigmund Freud.
- Behaviorism: Focuses on observable and measurable behavior. Dismissed the idea of the unconscious mind and emphasized observable behaviors (e.g., Ivan Pavlov, John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner).
Modern Perspectives
- Psychodynamic: A modern take on the previous ideas of Freud, focusing less on sexual motivations. Emphasizes self-development and interpersonal relationships.
- Behavioral: Behaviors are influenced by reinforcement, learning voluntary behavior through reinforcement.
- Humanistic: Individuals can shape their own lives; free will and self-actualization are emphasized.
- Cognitive: Mind is structured like an information processing machine, with focus on how people think, learn, and remember.
- Sociocultural: Focuses on the influence of social norms, values, and culture on behavior.
- Biopsychological: Understanding behavior and mental processes through biological processes (e.g. biology of the brain, hormones, and heredity).
- Evolutionary: Examines behavior through the lens of biological evolution.
Psychological Professionals and Areas of Specialization
- Psychology is a broad field, and professionals working in it vary in training, goals, and approaches.
- Psychologists work in different settings (e.g., hospitals, schools, private practice).
- Not all psychologists are therapists/counselors.
- The field is quite diverse with various areas including, but not limited to: clinical, social, experimental, developmental, industrial/organizational.
- Psychiatrists are medical doctors specialized in psychological disorders, and have the ability to prescribe medication.
Additional Information
- Summary Topics: Covers historical and major figures in psychology, along with important modern perspectives.
- Study Strategies: Offers practical advice on how to study effectively.
- Psychology Debate: A debate covering the topic of violence being part of human nature.
- Logical Fallacies: Covers common logical fallacies used in debates.
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Description
Test your understanding of key psychological concepts such as the Dunning-Kruger Effect, metacognition, and memory consolidation. This quiz will help reinforce your knowledge of essential study strategies and principles discussed in Introduction to Psychology I. Prepare for success in your academic journey!
