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Questions and Answers
What type of processing focuses on the meaning or symbolism of information?
What type of processing focuses on the meaning or symbolism of information?
Which encoding technique involves creating associations with visual imagery?
Which encoding technique involves creating associations with visual imagery?
What principle states that retrieval is easier when the encoding context matches the retrieval context?
What principle states that retrieval is easier when the encoding context matches the retrieval context?
Which type of processing is likely to be most effective for facilitating lasting memory?
Which type of processing is likely to be most effective for facilitating lasting memory?
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Which of the following is a verbal mnemonic device?
Which of the following is a verbal mnemonic device?
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What type of long-term memory is associated with remembering specific events?
What type of long-term memory is associated with remembering specific events?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the 'Seven Sins of Memory'?
Which of the following is NOT one of the 'Seven Sins of Memory'?
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Which process could lead to forgetting a traumatic event due to psychological reasons?
Which process could lead to forgetting a traumatic event due to psychological reasons?
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Which type of memory allows for unconscious retrieval of learned skills?
Which type of memory allows for unconscious retrieval of learned skills?
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What mechanism can help expand memory networks by relating new information to existing knowledge?
What mechanism can help expand memory networks by relating new information to existing knowledge?
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What is the duration for which information in short-term memory (STM) typically lasts without rehearsal?
What is the duration for which information in short-term memory (STM) typically lasts without rehearsal?
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Which of the following best describes long-term memory (LTM)?
Which of the following best describes long-term memory (LTM)?
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What is the main function of the central executive in working memory?
What is the main function of the central executive in working memory?
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Which statement reflects the relationship between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)?
Which statement reflects the relationship between short-term memory (STM) and long-term memory (LTM)?
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What does the primacy effect indicate in memory recall?
What does the primacy effect indicate in memory recall?
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How does chunking enhance the capacity of working memory?
How does chunking enhance the capacity of working memory?
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Which of the following is a characteristic of the visual memory store in working memory?
Which of the following is a characteristic of the visual memory store in working memory?
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What distinguishes working memory from long-term memory?
What distinguishes working memory from long-term memory?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Psychology: Human Memory
- Memory is the process of observing, storing, and recalling information. Memories can be visual, auditory, or tactile.
- Memory processes often involve multiple systems, both conscious and automatic.
Lecture Outline
- Encoding
- Storage
- Retrieval and Forgetting
- Multiple memory systems
Encoding
- Attention: Spotlight analogy, sensory detection, recognition of meaning, response selection
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Levels of Processing:
- Shallow processing (structural encoding): focusing on physical features (e.g., capital letters, color).
- Intermediate processing (phonemic encoding): focusing on sound (e.g., rhyming, homonyms).
- Deep processing (semantic encoding): focusing on meaning (e.g., symbolism, connection to prior knowledge).
- Facilitating Encoding: Techniques for better encoding involve: Elaboration, Visual Imagery, Self Referential Encoding, Rehearsal and Over-learning, Deep and Transfer Appropriate processing, Distributed practice, Organize information.
- Mnemonic Devices: Verbal mnemonics (acrostics, acronyms, rhymes), Visual mnemonics (link method, method of loci, keyword, SQ3R).
Encoding Specificity
- Encoding Specificity Principle: Ease of retrieval depends on how well encoding matches retrieval.
- Poor recall occurs if shallow learning methods are used in encoding and deeper methods in retrieval, as was seen by encoding using a multiple-choice format and wanting to retrieve using an essay format.
- State-dependent memory: Memories are better retrieved when the individual is in the same emotional or physiological state when the memory was encoded.
Storage
- Memory consists of three stores: Sensory registers (Iconic, Echoic), Short-term memory (STM), Long-term memory (LTM).
Information Processing Model of Memory
- Information flows from sensory registers to STM, then to LTM.
- Rehearsal moves information from STM to LTM; otherwise, information is lost.
Characteristics of STM
- Duration: Information in STM fades after 20-30 seconds without rehearsal.
- Capacity: Limited to about 7 items of information. Capacity is constant across cultures.
- Rehearsal: Maintenance (repeating information) and Elaborative (relating information to other knowledge).
Working Memory
- Temporary storage and processing of information used to solve problems, respond to environmental demands, and achieve goals.
- Modules: Visual memory store, Verbal memory store, Central Executive. Working memory stores are independent. Brain damage may alter visual but not verbal memory store.
Long-Term Memory (LTM)
- Represents facts, images, skills that can last a lifetime.
- Capacity is practically limitless.
- The serial position curve shows the primacy and recency effects, supporting the distinction between STM and LTM.
Working Memory and LTM
- Evidence suggests a distinction between working memory and LTM, where working memory is easily accessed but with a limited capacity. Neurological studies show that brain damage can impair working memory or LTM, but not both necessarily.
- Chunking uses LTM information to increase the size of working memory items (e.g., using acronyms like IBM, CIA, or USC).
Functional Aspects of Memory
- Recall may depend on interest in the information; men show better recall for construction details.
Networks of Association
- LTM is organized in clusters of interconnected nodes representing related information (thoughts, images, smells, emotions).
- Mnemonic devices allow the addition of new concepts to existing networks.
Varieties of LTM
- Declarative memory (explicit): Semantic (general knowledge) and Episodic (specific events). Autobiographical memory.
- Procedural memory (implicit): For skills (e.g., riding a bike).
- Explicit memory: Conscious retrieval of information.
- Implicit memory: Skills, conditioned learning and associative memory.
Repressed Memories
- Retrieval failures, Motivated forgetting, Denial, Repression, Psychogenic amnesia, False Memory Syndrome
"Seven Sins of Memory"
- Transience: Memories fade over time.
- Absentmindedness: Failure to pay attention.
- Blocking: Temporarily blocked memories.
- Misattribution: Assigning a memory to the wrong source.
- Suggestibility: Memories can be distorted by suggestions.
- Bias: Memories can be distorted by current knowledge and beliefs.
- Persistence: Inability to forget unwanted memories.
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Description
Explore the fascinating processes of human memory in this quiz. You'll learn about encoding, storage, and retrieval, as well as various techniques to enhance memory. Delve into the different systems involved in storing and recalling information, and test your understanding of these critical concepts.
