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Questions and Answers
What is the capacity of short-term memory as defined in the modal model of memory?
What is the capacity of short-term memory as defined in the modal model of memory?
Which component is NOT part of working memory according to the modal model?
Which component is NOT part of working memory according to the modal model?
Who proposed the modal model of memory?
Who proposed the modal model of memory?
What does long-term memory primarily hold?
What does long-term memory primarily hold?
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What type of memory retains information for the shortest duration?
What type of memory retains information for the shortest duration?
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What is the function of retrieval in the memory process?
What is the function of retrieval in the memory process?
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What is a key difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?
What is a key difference between short-term memory and long-term memory?
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Which of the following best describes sensory memory?
Which of the following best describes sensory memory?
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What process is described as the active processes controlled by the person?
What process is described as the active processes controlled by the person?
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How does information decay in sensory memory?
How does information decay in sensory memory?
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What is the primary role of the hippocampus in relation to memory?
What is the primary role of the hippocampus in relation to memory?
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What is the typical capacity limit of short-term memory according to George Miller?
What is the typical capacity limit of short-term memory according to George Miller?
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What technique can enhance the ability of short-term memory to hold more information?
What technique can enhance the ability of short-term memory to hold more information?
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What is one characteristic of short-term memory?
What is one characteristic of short-term memory?
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Which of the following is NOT a function associated with short-term memory?
Which of the following is NOT a function associated with short-term memory?
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What is the primacy effect attributed to?
What is the primacy effect attributed to?
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Why does the recency effect occur?
Why does the recency effect occur?
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What characteristic differentiates short-term memory (STM) from long-term memory (LTM)?
What characteristic differentiates short-term memory (STM) from long-term memory (LTM)?
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Which of the following patients is known for having functioning short-term memory but poor long-term memory?
Which of the following patients is known for having functioning short-term memory but poor long-term memory?
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What primarily causes the better recall of words presented at the beginning of a list?
What primarily causes the better recall of words presented at the beginning of a list?
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Study Notes
Human Memory
- Memory is the process of retaining, retrieving, and using information about stimuli, images, events, ideas, and skills after the original information is no longer present.
- The modal model of memory, proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin (1968), describes memory as a flow of information through different stages: Sensory memory, Short-term memory, and Long-term memory.
- Sensory memory holds information for a very brief period, typically less than a second. Iconic memory is for visual information and echoic memory is for auditory information.
- Short-term memory (STM) holds information for about 15-30 seconds without rehearsal. Its capacity is limited, typically 5-9 items.
- Long-term memory (LTM) stores information for extended periods, potentially years.
- Control processes, such as rehearsal, help transfer information from STM to LTM.
- The serial position curve demonstrates that memory is better for items at the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency effect) of a list.
Modal Model of Memory
- Information flows from sensory memory to short-term memory, then potentially to long-term memory.
- Sensory memory holds information briefly based on the sensory input.
- Short-term memory is where information is actively processed and maintained for immediate use.
- Long-term memory permanently stores information for later use.
Working Memory
- Working memory is a more sophisticated conceptualization of short-term memory. It involves temporary storage and manipulation of information.
- It has three core components:
- Phonological loop: processes verbal and auditory information. It consists of a storage component and a rehearsal component.
- Visuospatial sketchpad: processes visual and spatial information.
- Central executive: coordinates the activities of the phonological loop and visuospatial sketchpad, and connects to long-term memory.
Differences Between STM and LTM
- Coding: STM primarily uses acoustic (sound-based) coding, while LTM primarily uses semantic (meaning-based) coding.
- Capacity: STM has a limited capacity (5-9 items), while LTM has a potentially unlimited capacity.
- Duration: STM holds information for a short duration (seconds), while LTM holds information for a longer duration (potentially lifetime).
- Maintenance rehearsal keeps information in STM longer; elaborative rehearsal moves information to LTM.
Neuropsychological Evidence
- Brain damage studies show that different brain areas are associated with different types of memory and can support specific memory tasks. Pre-frontal cortex is important for working memory.
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Description
Explore the fascinating processes of human memory, including how we retain, retrieve, and utilize information. This quiz covers key concepts from the modal model proposed by Atkinson & Shiffrin, as well as the distinctions between sensory, short-term, and long-term memory. Test your understanding of memory functions and control processes!
