Introduction to Psychology

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Questions and Answers

What is the total number of chromosomes an individual receives at conception?

22 pairs of chromosomes

23 chromosomes

46 chromosomes (correct)

44 chromosomes

Which principle states that children resemble their parents more closely than anyone else?

Chance Principle

Principle of Consistency (correct)

Principle of Variability

Principle of Dominance and Recessiveness

What are the observable characteristics of an individual referred to as?

Alleles

Chromosomes

Phenotype (correct)

Genotype

Which of the following layers of the ecological system is closest to the individual?

Microsystem Signup and view all the answers

The interaction of hereditary factors known as the Combination of genetic contributions from both parents is characterized by which principle?

Principle of Variability Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the total sum of external conditions that can influence an organism after conception?

Nurture Signup and view all the answers

In the equation B = HxE, what does B represent?

Behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which type of chromosomes are referred to as sex chromosomes?

2 pairs Signup and view all the answers

What does the Greek word 'Psyche' refer to in psychology?

The soul or mind Signup and view all the answers

Which type of observation involves the use of tools or instruments?

Aided observation Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the scientific method in psychology?

Stating and solving problems systematically Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves manipulating a set of conditions to determine their effects on behavior?

Experimental method Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates an experimental group from a controlled group?

The experimental group receives the treatment being tested. Signup and view all the answers

Which variable is intentionally manipulated in an experiment?

Independent Variable Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of qualitative analysis in the scientific method?

To understand underlying meanings Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the father of Filipino Psychology?

Virgilio G. Enriquez Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a positive direct relationship?

Increase in one variable leads to an increase in another variable. Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary disadvantage of the naturalistic method?

Prone to perceptual distortion. Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves studying individuals over an extended period?

Longitudinal Method Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the scientific method, what is the third step?

Gathering Data Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective emphasizes the influence of childhood experiences and defense mechanisms?

Psychodynamic Perspective Signup and view all the answers

What approach is typically used by psychologists to study specific behavior patterns?

Clinical Method Signup and view all the answers

How is data typically gathered in a survey method?

Using written questionnaires or oral interviews. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common outcome when comparing the academic performance of sleep-deprived college students with those who are well-rested?

Lower GPA in sleep-deprived students. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Definition of Psychology

Derived from Greek words "Psyche" (soul/mind) and "Logos" (study).
Defined as the scientific study of human and animal behavior, focusing on description, explanation, measurement, prediction, and modification.

Types of Behavior

Overt: Observable actions such as talking, running, and eating.
Covert: Hidden actions including thinking, feeling, and internal thoughts.

Types of Observation

Unaided: Naturalistic observations without tools.
Aided: Observations using tools or instruments.
Can be Objective: Observing others without bias.
Can be Introspective: Observing one's own behavior.

Key Figures in Psychology

Wilhelm Wundt: Established the first experimental psychology laboratory.
Virgilio G. Enriquez: Advocated for indigenous psychology in the Philippines.

Organizations

Psychological Association of the Philippines (PAP): Aims to professionalize psychology practice through licensure exams.

Concepts

Pop Psychology: Simplified psychological concepts often found in online quizzes.
Pseudoscience: Practices and beliefs that are not scientifically validated.

Scientific Method

Stating a Problem: Identifying a research question.
Formulating a Hypothesis: Making an educated guess about the outcome.
Gathering Data: Using surveys, questionnaires, or experiments for data collection.
Organizing and Analyzing Data: Applying quantitative or qualitative analyses.
Conclusions: Determining if the hypothesis is accepted or rejected based on data.

Research Methods in Psychology

Experimental: Manipulation of conditions to observe effects on behavior.
- Independent Variable (IV): Factor being manipulated.
- Dependent Variable (DV): Factor being measured.
- Controlled Variables (CV): Constants in the experiment.
Differential: Compares existing differences between groups (experimental vs. control).
Correlational: Examines relationships between variables (positive or negative correlations).
Naturalistic: Observes behavior in natural settings, with advantages like high realism but also potential biases.
Survey: Uses questionnaires or interviews for broad behavioral studies.
Clinical: In-depth analysis by psychologists.
Archival: Analyzing existing written records.
Longitudinal: Studies behavior over extended periods.

Example Study Using Scientific Method

Study: Effect of Sleep Deprivation on Academic Performance.
Problem: Investigate the impact of sleep on academic success.
Hypothesis: Less sleep correlates with lower academic performance.
Data Gathering: Experimental method with surveys.
Data Analysis: Compare GPAs of different sleep duration groups.
Conclusion: Sleep deprivation adversely affects academic performance.

Psychological Perspectives

Psychodynamic: Focuses on childhood and defense mechanisms.
Behavioral: Emphasizes learning behaviors, phobias, and addictions.
Cognitive: Centers on mental processes and perceptions.
Phenomenological: Highlights subjective experiences and personal realities.
Biological: Examines the role of neurotransmitters and hormones.
Sociocultural: Considers the influence of societal norms and culture.
Evolutionary: Studies behavior adaptation from ancestral traits.

Heredity vs. Environment

Heredity (Nature): Genetic transmission from parents, encompassing biological factors present at conception.
Environment (Nurture): External conditions affecting the organism after conception.

Hereditary Principles

Consistency: Children resemble their parents.
Variability: Unique combinations of hereditary factors from both parents.
Chance: Unpredictable hereditary elements.
Dominance/Recessiveness: Genes can be dominant or recessive.

Ecological System

Microsystem: Immediate environment and contacts.
Mesosystem: Connections between different microsystems.
Exosystem: Larger social systems impacting the individual, even if not directly experienced.

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Description

This quiz explores the foundational concepts of psychology, including its definition, the types of behavior, and methods of observation. Delve into the meaning of the term 'psychology' and understand the difference between overt and covert behaviors. Perfect for beginners seeking to understand psychological science.