Introduction to Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What is metacognition primarily concerned with?

  • Awareness of one’s own cognitive abilities and processes. (correct)
  • Evaluating historical philosophical perspectives.
  • Understanding external social influences.
  • Analyzing biological factors affecting behavior.

What metaphor did Aristotle use to describe memory processes?

  • A library filled with books.
  • A wax tablet where molds are formed. (correct)
  • A river that constantly flows.
  • A garden that needs to be tended.

Who conducted early experiments on the speed of nerve conduction?

  • Sigmund Freud.
  • Wilhelm Wundt.
  • Gustav Fechner.
  • Hermann von Helmholtz. (correct)

What year did Wilhelm Wundt establish one of the first psychological research laboratories?

<p>1879 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the foundational goals of psychophysics as pursued by Gustav Fechner?

<p>To develop laws of perception. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did early psychologists like Wundt study conscious experience?

<p>Through systematic self-reports of thoughts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the research of Hermann von Helmholtz ultimately contribute to?

<p>Understanding the speed of nerve impulses. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of cognitive psychology overlaps significantly with other fields?

<p>It encompasses various approaches, including philosophical inquiries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Hermann Ebbinghaus primarily study?

<p>Processes of remembering and forgetting (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant contribution of Hermann Ebbinghaus to psychology?

<p>Mapping the forgetting curve (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What perspective dominated psychology in the United States for almost half a century?

<p>Behaviorism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologists argued against introspective methods?

<p>John Watson and B.F. Skinner (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What alternative approach to cognition was being conducted in Europe during the rise of behaviorism?

<p>Gestalt psychology (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did behaviorists believe regarding mental processes?

<p>They can be directly observed and measured (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did Ebbinghaus use to study memory?

<p>Extensive self-testing (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of Ebbinghaus's research has continued relevance in current studies?

<p>The forgetting curve (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary model for representationalism in cognition?

<p>The computer metaphor for the mind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do cognitive and physiological psychologists view information in the mind?

<p>As firing patterns of groups of neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does embodied cognition suggest about cognitive processes?

<p>They help us interact meaningfully with the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In representationalism, how are concepts described?

<p>As storage nodes in a hierarchical network (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect does the representationalist perspective connect with?

<p>The physiological processes of the brain (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is suggested as the role of visual perception in embodied cognition?

<p>It provides information for practical actions in the environment (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differentiates the representationalist approach from the biological approach?

<p>The origins and conceptual structures they are based upon (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the computer metaphor help to model in cognitive psychology?

<p>The representational aspects of cognitive functioning (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concept of the representationalist approach?

<p>Cognitive processes operate on representations stored in our minds. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were early representationalist models, according to Rumelhart & Norman, structured?

<p>Information was stored as symbols that could be manipulated. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do feature detectors play in perception according to the representationalist approach?

<p>They identify and rule out objects based on features. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant similarity between how computers store information and how the brain operates, as suggested by the content?

<p>Both can be simplified into binary systems of 'on' and 'off'. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to our stored information about a subject as we learn more about it according to the representationalist approach?

<p>It may change or be added to as new knowledge is acquired. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why are symbol systems considered more complex in contemporary understandings of cognition?

<p>They now represent abstract concepts rather than just simple objects. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes how knowledge is structured in our minds under the representationalist approach?

<p>Knowledge is dynamic and evolves through cognitive operations on representations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function do representations serve in the cognitive processes according to the representationalist view?

<p>They allow for complex reasoning and problem-solving. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the study referenced?

<p>To measure changes in explicit and implicit memory across the lifespan (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which age group is NOT included in the participant classification?

<p>40-49 years (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of memory tasks were performed by participants during the study?

<p>Mixed tasks requiring attention to specific colors and object characteristics (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the independent variable in this study?

<p>The age of the participants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the dependent variable in this study?

<p>The results of explicit and implicit memory tests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were the participants instructed to focus their attention during the memory tasks?

<p>To focus on one specific color while ignoring another (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the method of participant selection in this study?

<p>Visitors to a science museum (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common misconception might participants have about implicit memory tasks?

<p>They require conscious effort to recall information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are connectionist models primarily used to explain?

<p>How memory systems learn new information (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does knowledge of the brain's biological architecture play in cognitive psychology?

<p>It helps researchers understand cognitive processes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which method is emphasized in cognitive psychology for developing major theories?

<p>Research and behavioral observations (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following approaches combines representationalist and biological perspectives?

<p>Embodied cognition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of cognitive psychology is least emphasized according to the content?

<p>Emotional intelligence (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do connectionist models attempt to simulate?

<p>Neuronal connections in networks (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common methodology is reviewed at the end of the chapter in cognitive psychology?

<p>Measurements used in the discipline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does cognitive psychology primarily rely on for its theoretical foundations?

<p>Empirical research findings (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Metacognition

The ability to be aware of and understand your own cognitive processes, like thinking and learning.

Cognitive Psychology

A scientific field that studies how people think, learn, and remember.

Aristotle's Wax Tablet Analogy

A metaphor used to explain memory, comparing it to a wax tablet where memories are formed like imprints.

Psychophysics

The scientific study of how physical stimuli are perceived and interpreted by the mind.

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Introspection

A technique used by early psychologists to study conscious experience by having people describe their thoughts and feelings.

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Nerve Conduction Speed

A way of understanding how nerve impulses travel in the body, measured by the time it takes for a signal to travel from one point to another.

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Response Time

The time it takes for a person to respond to a stimulus.

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Wundt's Psychological Laboratory

The first laboratory specifically dedicated to psychological research, established in 1879.

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Memory Retention & Forgetting

The study of how people remember and forget, measured by how much information is retained after repeated exposures.

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Behaviorism

The idea that only observable behavior should be studied in psychology, ignoring mental processes.

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Pavlov's Conditioned Reflexes

A Nobel Prize-winning research on learned, reflexive behavior.

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Gestalt Psychology

A type of psychology that emphasizes the holistic nature of mental processes and perception, focusing on how parts relate to the whole.

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Forgetting Curve

The decline in memory performance over time.

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Savings in Relearning

The amount of time and effort saved when relearning information previously exposed to.

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Representationalist Approach

The idea that knowledge about the world is stored as representations in our minds, allowing cognitive processes to manipulate and operate on them. For example, learning about armadillos modifies our internal representation of this animal.

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Symbolic Representation

Symbols are used to represent concepts, allowing cognitive processes to manipulate them like mathematical symbols. For example, '2' and 'II' both represent the same concept.

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Feature Detectors

Feature detectors are specialized cognitive systems that analyze and store information about features in the world, such as shapes, lines, and colors. This allows us to identify objects by their characteristics.

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Object Recognition

The way we identify objects by comparing feature information with our stored representations. For example, detecting perpendicular edges helps us recognize objects with sharp edges.

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Computer Model of Cognition

A model of cognition based on computers, which utilize binary code (0s and 1s) to store and process information. This model suggests that the brain functions similarly, with neurons firing (1) or not firing (0).

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Neurons and Binary Code

Neurons are brain cells that communicate through electrical signals, either firing (active) or not firing (inactive), similar to the binary code used by computers.

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Information Processing Model

A model of cognition that draws inspiration from the information-processing capabilities of computers. It suggests that our brains process information through a series of steps, similar to how a computer operates on data.

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Evolution of Symbolic Representations

The idea that as knowledge of the brain and cognition advances, symbolic representations used to represent concepts become more complex and sophisticated. This reflects the constant need for more powerful and accurate models to simulate cognitive functions.

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Neural Representation

The idea that information in the mind is represented by the activity of groups of neurons, like 'on' or 'off' switches.

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Representationalism

A perspective that suggests that the mind processes information in a way similar to how computers do, with storage nodes and networks.

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Embodied Cognition

A view that emphasizes the role of the body and its interactions with the environment in shaping our cognitive processes.

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Biological Perspective

An approach that seeks to explain cognition based on the underlying biological processes in the brain.

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Concepts

Conceptual units of information, often depicted as interconnected nodes in a network, representing knowledge about specific objects, concepts, or relationships.

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Perception

The process of interpreting and understanding sensory information, such as sights, sounds, and smells from the environment.

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Information Processing

The cognitive process of taking in information and organizing it into meaningful units in the mind.

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Cognitive Processes

The way we think, learn, remember, solve problems, and make decisions.

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Life-Space Study

A research method where participants are divided into groups based on age and then compared on their cognitive abilities.

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Independent Variable

An independent variable is a factor that is manipulated or changed by the researchers to observe its effect on a dependent variable.

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Dependent Variable

A dependent variable is a factor that is measured by the researchers to see how it is affected by the independent variable.

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Explicit Memory

A type of memory that is deliberate and conscious, like remembering a phone number you just looked up.

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Implicit Memory

A type of memory that is automatic and unconscious, like knowing how to ride a bike.

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Cross-Sectional Design

A research design where groups of people are studied at different points in time to see how cognitive abilities change with age.

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Longitudinal Design

A study design that follows the same group of people over time to see how they change.

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Connectionist Models

Computer models that mimic the structure of brain networks to capture and process information. They try to explain how learning and memory occur through interconnected nodes and weights, simulating the way neurons communicate.

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Biological Approach

A perspective in cognitive psychology that focuses on how the brain's physical structure influences cognitive processes. It uses biological knowledge about the brain to understand how we think.

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Computational Approach

Explains cognitive phenomena through the framework of computational processes, using analogies from computer science. This approach often involves breaking down mental processes into algorithms and analyzing the information flow.

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Response Time Measurement

A research methodology that focuses on studying the time it takes for individuals to respond to stimuli. This technique helps us understand how quickly our cognitive processes operate and make inferences about mental operations.

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Research in Cognitive Psychology

A core tenet of cognitive psychology, emphasizing the use of observation, experimentation, and data analysis to study how people think, learn, and remember. It relies on the systematic collection and interpretation of evidence to develop and test theories.

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Study Notes

Introduction to Cognitive Psychology

  • Cognitive psychology studies how the mind receives, stores, and uses information. This includes perception, attention, memory, language, decision making, and problem-solving.
  •  Cognitive psychology has roots in philosophy and physiology, but developed significantly in the mid-20th century.
  • Approaches to studying cognition include: representationalism (mind as a symbolic processor), embodied cognition (mind interacting with world), and biologically-motivated approaches (brain processes).
  • Research methods include case studies (detailed study of individuals/groups), correlational studies (examining relationships between variables), and experiments (manipulating variables to understand cause-and-effect).
  • Common measured behaviors are accuracy and response time. Other measures like eye movements, brain imaging (EEG and fMRI), and priming can further explore cognitive processes.

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Introduction to Cognitive Psychology PDF

Description

This quiz covers fundamental concepts in psychology, including metacognition, memory processes, and the historical development of the field. It explores key figures such as Wilhelm Wundt and Hermann Ebbinghaus and their contributions to psychological research. Test your understanding of early psychological experimentation and the evolution of cognitive theories.

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