Introduction to Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What was the primary method used by Edward Titchener in his study of psychology?

  • Case studies
  • Laboratory experiments
  • Naturalistic observation
  • Introspection (correct)

Which psychological perspective emphasizes the importance of the environment in personal growth?

  • Humanistic Psychology (correct)
  • Behavioralism
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Functionalism

Who is recognized for establishing the first psychology laboratory?

  • Edward Titchener
  • Sigmund Freud
  • William James
  • Wilhelm Wundt (correct)

What concept explains the interplay of biological, psychological, and social factors in understanding behavior?

<p>Biopsychosocial Approach (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes Freud's emphasis in psychological study?

<p>Unconscious motivations and childhood experiences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective in psychology emphasizes the role of the unconscious mind in influencing behavior?

<p>Psychodynamic (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Gestalt psychology primarily focus on?

<p>The overall experience rather than the isolated parts (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wave of psychology emphasizes behavior that can be observed and measured without considering feelings?

<p>Behaviorism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which perspective in psychology involves the analysis of cultural influences on behavior and thought processes?

<p>Social-Cultural (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is associated with the creation of the first psychology laboratory, laying the foundation for structuralism?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a correlation coefficient (r) value of 0 indicate?

<p>No relationship exists between the variables (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of illusory correlation?

<p>A perception of a relationship that does not exist (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of scores falls within two standard deviations from the mean in a normal distribution?

<p>95% (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the p-value used in inferential statistics?

<p>To identify the significance of results (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect would best describe the scenario where participants alter their behavior simply because they are being observed?

<p>Hawthorne Effect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the impact of hindsight bias on decision-making processes?

<p>It can cause individuals to feel more confident about their judgments after the fact. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of operational definitions in research?

<p>They clarify the specific procedures used to measure variables. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of random sampling in research?

<p>To give every individual an equal chance of being included in the study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the Barnum effect relate to psychological assessments?

<p>It illustrates a tendency to accept broadly applicable statements as personally relevant. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characteristic of scientific inquiry is most crucial for overcoming overconfidence?

<p>Curiosity and skepticism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychology

The science of behavior and mental processes.

Structuralism

A school of thought focused on understanding the basic elements of the mind through introspection.

Functionalism

A school of thought concerned with the function of mental processes in adapting to the environment.

Behaviorism

A school of thought that studies observable behavior without reference to mental processes.

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Wilhelm Wundt

Established the first psychology lab in 1879.

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Neuroscience perspective

Focuses on the brain and body's role in emotions, memories, and experiences.

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Evolutionary perspective

Explains behavior through the lens of natural selection, focusing on how it promotes the survival of genes.

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Behavioral perspective

Studies observable behavior and how it's learned; emphasizes actions, not feelings.

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Psychodynamic perspective

Explores behavior stemming from unconscious drives, conflicts, and early childhood experiences.

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Cognitive perspective

Examines how we process information: encode, process, store, and retrieve.

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Hindsight Bias

The tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have foreseen it.

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Overconfidence

Tendency to overestimate one's ability to make correct judgments.

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Operational Definition

A statement of procedures used to define research variables. It's how you measure something.

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Confounding Variable

Anything that could influence a dependent variable other than the independent variable.

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Random Sampling

Sampling method where each member of the population has an equal chance of being selected.

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Correlation

A measure of the relationship between two variables.

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Standard Deviation

A measure of variability from the average.

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Inferential Statistics

Determining if a finding can be used to larger groups/populations.

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Experimenter Bias

Experimenters' expectations may affect research outcomes.

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Animal Research

Using animals in psychological research for behavioral understanding.

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