Questions and Answers
Which school of thought emphasizes the subjective perception of reality and focuses on the personal interpretation of conscious experiences?
What does Functionalism primarily examine in relation to behavior and consciousness?
In Freudian Psychology, which of the following terms refers to the part of the mind containing unacceptable wishes?
Which approach within Introspective Psychology emphasizes self-reports and personal experiences?
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Who among the following is considered a key exponent of Functionalism?
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What is a major contribution of Introspective Psychology to the field of psychology?
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Which psychological approach recognizes the role of learning and cognitive processes in adapting to the environment?
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Which of the following concepts is NOT a major focus in Freud's psychoanalytic theory?
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What does the term 'psychology' derive from?
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What is the primary focus of the psychodynamic/psychoanalytic approach?
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Which of the following is NOT one of the objectives of psychology?
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Which of the following techniques is NOT associated with psychodynamic therapy?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Psychophysics'?
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According to gestalt psychology, how are parts of behavior understood?
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What year is significant for the establishment of psychology as a separate science?
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Which interdisciplinary relationship focuses on the cultural influences on behavior?
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Who is NOT associated with gestalt psychology?
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What does purposive psychology primarily analyze?
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What primary method does psychology utilize in its study?
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In humanistic psychology, what is the highest level in Maslow's hierarchy of needs?
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Whose work in experimental physiology greatly stimulated modern psychology?
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Which of the following concepts is associated with Carl Rogers' theory of personality?
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Which of the following best describes the relationship between psychology and sociology?
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What is the main assertion of gestalt psychology regarding behavior?
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What is the primary function of the neuron?
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Which part of the neuron is responsible for relaying messages to other cells?
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What type of neuron conducts impulses from sense organs to the spinal cord and brain?
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How does a neuron respond to a stimulus?
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What is the role of the Myelin Sheath in a neuron?
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Which mechanism is responsible for the reception of external stimuli?
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What substance is contained within synaptic vesicles at the axon terminals?
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Which type of neuron connects sensory neurons to motor neurons?
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What is the primary role of the hippocampus?
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What type of amnesia involves difficulty in recalling past memories?
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Which part of the brain is primarily associated with emotional memory?
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What structure connects the two cerebral hemispheres?
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Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily involved in perceptual and artistic tasks?
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What characteristic feature does the cerebral cortex have?
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What type of memory does the hippocampus help process?
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What is lateralization in the context of the brain?
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Study Notes
Definition of Psychology
- Derived from Greek words "psyche" (mind/soul) and "logos" (study/science).
- It is the scientific study of mental processes, behavior, and environmental influences.
- Employs scientific methods to explore and measure behavior.
Objectives of Psychology
- Describe and identify behavior.
- Predict behavior through various factors.
- Understand and explain behavior.
- Control and change behavioral patterns.
History of Modern Psychology
- Experimental Physiology influenced psychology through discoveries in the 19th century about the brain and nervous system.
- Psychophysics, focused on mind-body interactions, established by Gustav Fechner, known as the "Father of Psychophysics."
- Wilhelm Wundt founded the first experimental psychology lab in 1879, marking psychology as a distinct discipline.
Relation of Psychology to Other Social Sciences
- Psychology shares interests with physiology, anthropology, sociology, history, and economics.
- Collaborative research emphasizes applied psychology and interdisciplinary approaches.
- Behavioral sciences include psychology, anthropology, and sociology; social sciences encompass economics, political science, and history.
Schools of Thought in Psychology
- Introspective Psychology (Structuralism): Led by Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener, focused on the structure of consciousness through introspection.
- Functionalism: Pioneered by John Dewey, William James, and others; emphasized adaptation of behavior and consciousness to environments.
- Freudian Psychology (Psychoanalysis): Established by Sigmund Freud; explores unconscious processes and childhood influences on behavior.
- Gestalt Psychology: Founded by Max Wertheimer and others; emphasized holistic perception and the idea that "the whole is greater than the sum of its parts."
- Dynamic Psychology: William McDougall focused on motivating forces in behavior.
- Humanistic Psychology: Associated with Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers; emphasizes growth and self-actualization.
Physiological Psychology
- Investigates how bodily responses translate internal stimuli into actions.
- Identifies mechanisms:
- Receiving Mechanism: Reception of external stimuli.
- Reacting Mechanism: Muscles and hormones.
- Connecting Mechanism: Nervous system integration.
Nervous System Overview
- Composed of neurons, which transmit nerve impulses.
- Neurons consist of:
- Cell Body: Contains the nucleus.
- Dendrites: Receive impulses towards the cell body.
- Axon: Transmits impulses away from the cell body.
- Myelin Sheath: Protects the axon.
Transmission of Nerve Impulses
- Neurons respond to stimuli with electro-chemical impulses.
- Neurons can exhibit both irritability and conductivity.
Key Brain Structures
- Hippocampus: Essential for memory formation; associated with long-term memory storage and processing.
- Amygdala: Involved in emotional memory and responses; crucial for recognizing emotions.
- Cerebral Cortex: The brain's outer layer, responsible for complex functions and divided into lobes.
Cerebral Hemispheres
- The brain is divided into two hemispheres, each controlling the opposite side of the body and specializing in different tasks:
- Right Hemisphere: Handles perceptual, visual, and artistic tasks.
- Left Hemisphere: Associated with technical and analytical functions.
Major Brain Lobes
- Four main sections are designated as lobes that contribute to various cognitive functions.
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Description
This quiz covers the foundational concepts of psychology as outlined in Chapter I. It explores the definition of psychology, including its key components such as mental processes, behavior, and the scientific methods used to study them. Test your understanding of how psychology seeks to explain and change behavior within various environments.
