Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is a hypothesis in scientific research?
What is a hypothesis in scientific research?
- A proven fact derived from research
- An untestable conjecture about observations
- A broad idea that explains everything about a phenomenon
- A testable prediction stemming from a theory (correct)
Which step involves systematic observation techniques?
Which step involves systematic observation techniques?
- Evaluating conclusions
- Testing through empirical research
- Descriptive research (correct)
- Formulating hypotheses
What does replication in scientific research validate?
What does replication in scientific research validate?
- The theory that generated the initial hypothesis
- The reliability of the results obtained (correct)
- The original hypothesis proposed
- The method of observation used
What is the purpose of an operational definition in research?
What is the purpose of an operational definition in research?
Which of the following is NOT a component of descriptive research?
Which of the following is NOT a component of descriptive research?
Which principle of ethical research involves informing participants about the purpose and methods of a study?
Which principle of ethical research involves informing participants about the purpose and methods of a study?
What characteristic of the nervous system describes the ability to rewire itself based on experiences?
What characteristic of the nervous system describes the ability to rewire itself based on experiences?
What term describes the nerves that carry information from the senses to the brain?
What term describes the nerves that carry information from the senses to the brain?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the functioning of the nervous system?
Which of the following processes is NOT involved in the functioning of the nervous system?
Which aspect of the nervous system allows it to coordinate various activities simultaneously?
Which aspect of the nervous system allows it to coordinate various activities simultaneously?
What is the main idea behind drug habituation?
What is the main idea behind drug habituation?
What does operant conditioning primarily involve?
What does operant conditioning primarily involve?
According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, what happens to behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes?
According to Thorndike's Law of Effect, what happens to behaviors followed by satisfying outcomes?
In Skinner's experiment, what behavior did the rat learn to perform?
In Skinner's experiment, what behavior did the rat learn to perform?
What is the purpose of shaping in operant conditioning?
What is the purpose of shaping in operant conditioning?
Which statement accurately describes positive reinforcement?
Which statement accurately describes positive reinforcement?
What best defines avoidance learning?
What best defines avoidance learning?
What role does reinforcement play in operant conditioning?
What role does reinforcement play in operant conditioning?
What effect does GABA have on neuron activity?
What effect does GABA have on neuron activity?
What is the primary function of acetylcholine (ACh)?
What is the primary function of acetylcholine (ACh)?
How does excessive glutamate affect the brain?
How does excessive glutamate affect the brain?
In what way does norepinephrine affect the body during stress?
In what way does norepinephrine affect the body during stress?
Which neurotransmitter is linked to pleasure and pain relief?
Which neurotransmitter is linked to pleasure and pain relief?
How do agonists affect neurotransmitter activity?
How do agonists affect neurotransmitter activity?
What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?
What is the function of the thalamus in the brain?
Which region of the brain is responsible for motor coordination?
Which region of the brain is responsible for motor coordination?
What type of brain imaging uses glucose metabolism to assess brain activity?
What type of brain imaging uses glucose metabolism to assess brain activity?
Which neurotransmitter is particularly associated with mood regulation and sleep?
Which neurotransmitter is particularly associated with mood regulation and sleep?
What role does the hindbrain play in bodily functions?
What role does the hindbrain play in bodily functions?
Which structure in the brain is primarily involved in emotional response and memory?
Which structure in the brain is primarily involved in emotional response and memory?
Which part of the brain is responsible for higher cognitive functions, including thinking?
Which part of the brain is responsible for higher cognitive functions, including thinking?
Which of the following statements is true regarding brain lesioning in research?
Which of the following statements is true regarding brain lesioning in research?
Which structure is primarily responsible for regulating the body's internal state and responding to blood changes?
Which structure is primarily responsible for regulating the body's internal state and responding to blood changes?
What is the main function of the occipital lobe?
What is the main function of the occipital lobe?
Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily associated with speech and language processing?
Which hemisphere of the brain is primarily associated with speech and language processing?
What is the role of the corpus callosum?
What is the role of the corpus callosum?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal glands during stress?
Which of the following hormones is secreted by the adrenal glands during stress?
What is a characteristic of collateral sprouting in the brain?
What is a characteristic of collateral sprouting in the brain?
What part of the brain processes information about voluntary movements?
What part of the brain processes information about voluntary movements?
What type of genetic principle suggests that a dominant gene will override a recessive gene?
What type of genetic principle suggests that a dominant gene will override a recessive gene?
Which gland is known as the 'master gland' due to its regulatory effects on other glands?
Which gland is known as the 'master gland' due to its regulatory effects on other glands?
Which lobe of the brain is involved primarily in personality and reasoning?
Which lobe of the brain is involved primarily in personality and reasoning?
What process involves taking over the function of a damaged brain region by another area?
What process involves taking over the function of a damaged brain region by another area?
What does neurogenesis refer to?
What does neurogenesis refer to?
What role does the somatosensory cortex serve?
What role does the somatosensory cortex serve?
Which type of research method looks at the influence of genes on behavior using twins?
Which type of research method looks at the influence of genes on behavior using twins?
What is the purpose of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
What is the purpose of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)?
Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a key role in the transition to REM sleep?
Which of the following neurotransmitters plays a key role in the transition to REM sleep?
What defines insomnia?
What defines insomnia?
Which sleep stage is characterized as the deepest sleep, with the presence of delta waves?
Which sleep stage is characterized as the deepest sleep, with the presence of delta waves?
What is the primary effect of chronic sleep deprivation on the brain?
What is the primary effect of chronic sleep deprivation on the brain?
What physiological change occurs in the body during the REM stage of sleep?
What physiological change occurs in the body during the REM stage of sleep?
Which theory suggests that dreams arise from the brain trying to make sense of random neural firing?
Which theory suggests that dreams arise from the brain trying to make sense of random neural firing?
What is a key characteristic of psychoactive drugs known as depressants?
What is a key characteristic of psychoactive drugs known as depressants?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of classical conditioning?
Which of the following is NOT a feature of classical conditioning?
What term describes the phenomenon when a previously conditioned response is manifested after a delay without further conditioning?
What term describes the phenomenon when a previously conditioned response is manifested after a delay without further conditioning?
What does tolerance in the context of psychoactive drugs refer to?
What does tolerance in the context of psychoactive drugs refer to?
Which type of learning involves making an association between a behavior and its consequences?
Which type of learning involves making an association between a behavior and its consequences?
Which meditation practice focuses on the acceptance of oneself and others?
Which meditation practice focuses on the acceptance of oneself and others?
Flashcards
Scientific Observation
Scientific Observation
Carefully watching a phenomenon to understand how or why it happens.
Hypothesis
Hypothesis
A testable prediction that logically follows a theory.
Operational Definition
Operational Definition
Precisely describing how a variable will be measured in a study.
Descriptive Research
Descriptive Research
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Replication
Replication
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Ethical Research Principles
Ethical Research Principles
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Nervous System Complexity
Nervous System Complexity
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Nervous System Integration
Nervous System Integration
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Afferent Nerves (Sensory Nerves)
Afferent Nerves (Sensory Nerves)
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Nervous System Adaptability/Plasticity
Nervous System Adaptability/Plasticity
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Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
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Receptor Site
Receptor Site
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Excitatory Neurotransmitter
Excitatory Neurotransmitter
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Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
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Acetylcholine (ACh)
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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GABA
GABA
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Glutamate
Glutamate
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Norepinephrine
Norepinephrine
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Dopamine
Dopamine
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Serotonin
Serotonin
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Endorphins
Endorphins
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Oxytocin
Oxytocin
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Agonist
Agonist
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Antagonist
Antagonist
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Brain Lesioning
Brain Lesioning
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Taste Aversion
Taste Aversion
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Drug Habituation
Drug Habituation
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Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
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Contingency
Contingency
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Thorndike's Law of Effect
Thorndike's Law of Effect
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Skinner Box
Skinner Box
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Shaping
Shaping
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Avoidance Learning
Avoidance Learning
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Unconscious Thoughts
Unconscious Thoughts
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Sleep
Sleep
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Biological Rhythms
Biological Rhythms
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Circadian Rhythm
Circadian Rhythm
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Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
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Sleep Deprivation Effects
Sleep Deprivation Effects
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Stages of Sleep
Stages of Sleep
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REM Sleep
REM Sleep
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Neurotransmitters in Sleep
Neurotransmitters in Sleep
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Drug Tolerance
Drug Tolerance
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Depressants
Depressants
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Stimulants
Stimulants
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Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens
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Hypnosis
Hypnosis
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Meditation
Meditation
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Cerebellum's Role
Cerebellum's Role
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Basal Ganglia Function
Basal Ganglia Function
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Hypothalamus: What does it monitor?
Hypothalamus: What does it monitor?
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Occipital Lobe Function
Occipital Lobe Function
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Temporal Lobe Function
Temporal Lobe Function
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Frontal Lobe: Key Functions
Frontal Lobe: Key Functions
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Parietal Lobe Function
Parietal Lobe Function
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Somatosensory Cortex
Somatosensory Cortex
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Motor Cortex Function
Motor Cortex Function
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Association Cortex: Integration
Association Cortex: Integration
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Corpus Callosum: Connection
Corpus Callosum: Connection
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Left Hemisphere Specialization
Left Hemisphere Specialization
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Right Hemisphere Specialization
Right Hemisphere Specialization
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Endocrine System Function
Endocrine System Function
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Hormones: Chemical Messengers
Hormones: Chemical Messengers
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Pituitary Gland: Master Gland
Pituitary Gland: Master Gland
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Study Notes
Defining Psychology
- Psychology is the scientific study of behavior and mental processes
- Psychology uses systematic methods to observe human behavior and draw conclusions
- Goals of psychology: Describe, predict, and explain behavior
- Behavior: observable actions
- Mental processes: thoughts, feelings, and motives
The Psychological Frame of Mind
- Four attitudes to scientific approach to psychology:
- Critical thinking: process of thinking deeply, asking questions, and evaluating evidence
- Curiosity: questioning and testing ideas
- Skepticism: questioning claims and evidence
- Objectivity: basing conclusions on empirical data and not opinions
Psychology as the Science of All Human Behavior
- Psychology explores factors influencing behavior, including unconscious drives and impulses
- Views all facets of people in psychological studies
Psychology in Historical Perspective
- Psychology has roots in philosophy and the natural sciences (biology and physiology)
- Wilhelm Wundt is considered the father of academic psychology
Structuralism
- Developed by Wundt and collaborators
- Focuses on identifying the elemental parts/structures of the human mind
- Uses introspection (looking inward)
Functionalism
- Developed by William James
- Focuses on the functions or purposes of the mind and behavior in adapting to the environment
- Assesses the adaptive purpose of human thinking and behavior
Contemporary Approaches to Psychology
- Biological approach: Focus on the body (brain and nervous system), genetics and biochemistry to understand behavior, thought, and emotions
- Behavioral approach: Focus on observable behaviors and environmental influences
- Psychodynamic approach: Focus on unconscious thought, early childhood experiences, and the conflict between biological drives
- Humanistic approach: Focuses on positive human qualities, capacity for growth, and freedom to choose one's destiny
- Cognitive approach: Focus on processes involved in knowing (such as attention, perception, memory, thinking, and solving problems)
Psychology's Scientific Method
- Observing phenomenon
- Formulating hypotheses and predictions
- Testing through empirical research (operational definition, data analysis)
- Drawing conclusions
- Evaluating conclusions (replication of studies, reliability of results)
Types of Psychological Research
- Descriptive research: describes phenomenon, but doesn't explore cause
- Correlational research: examines relationship between variables
- Experimental research: establishes cause-and-effect relationships
Research Samples and Settings
- Research samples attempt to reflect populations
- Settings can be laboratory or natural (realistic)
The Nervous System
- The body's electrochemical communication system
- Characteristics: complexity, extensive assemblies of nerve cells, integration
- Divisions: Central Nervous System (CNS), and Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
- Pathways: afferent(sensory) and efferent(motor)
- Divisions of PNS: somatic and autonomic nervous systems (sympathetic and parasympathetic)
- Neurons are the basic units of the nervous system
- Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information
- Different types of neurons relay info to various parts of the body, brain & nervous system
The Brain
- Three major brain regions: hindbrain (controls basic life functions), midbrain (connects hindbrain & forebrain) , and forebrain (controls complex functions)
- Lobes(specific regions): occipital (visual), temporal (auditory), frontal (movement, planning, problem solving), parietal (touch, sensory)
- Hemispheres: left & right
- Corpus callosum connects the two brain hemispheres to communicate between them and processes information
Endocrine System
- Chemical messengers called hormones that control bodily functions, regulating activities & responses in organs or tissue.
- Works with the nervous system through the hypothalamus & endocrine glands for chemical messengers
Brain Damage, Plasticity, and Repair
- Brain has capacity for repair in 3 manners (collateral sprouting, substitution of function & neurogenesis)
- Brain grafts and stem cells (potential) for treatment of disorders
- Methods of studying the brain include: lesioning, electrical recording (EEG), brain imaging (MRI, CT and fMRI)
Genes and the Environment
- Genotype: genetic heritage/material
- Phenotype: observable characteristics
- Not always obviously related
- Behavior genetics studies genes' and environment influence on behavior
- Nature vs Nurture
How We Sense & Perceive the World
- Sensation: receiving stimulus energies, transforming those energies into neural energy
- Perception: organizing and interpreting sensory info
- Bottom-up & top down processing
- Processes of Sensation depend on sensory receptors in sense organs. Sensory receptors register stimuli and it is transformed into neural energy
- Perception transforms into meaningful experiences like shape, depth & motion
The Visual System
- Light → waves of energy
- Visual stimuli → wavelength & amplitude, purity
- Physical structures of the eye: cornea, pupil, lens, retina (including rods & cones)
The Auditory System
- Sound waves → frequency, amplitude , timbre, and how it is measured
- Physical structures of the ear: pinna, ear drum, hammer, anvil, stirrup, oval window, cochlea, and basilar membrane
- Different sound frequencies stimulate different parts of the cochlea and cause sensory experience for us
The Skin Senses
- Mechanical energy: pressure against the skin
- Sensory fibers from receptors in skin
- The brain processes info about touch & temperature via somatosensory areas
Taste & Smell
- Papillae → bumps on tongue with taste buds
- Olfactory epithelium → lining of nasal cavity with receptor cells for smell
- Receptors detect chemical substances in food&air that determine taste or smell
Kinesthetic & Vestibular Senses
- Kinesthetic senses provide info about body movement, posture & orientation
- Vestibular senses provide info about balance & movement based on sensory receptors in inner ear
The Nature of Consciousness
- Consciousness is a person's awareness of external events and internal sensations under a condition of arousal.
- Consciousness differs in levels of awareness including higher level conscious, lower level conscious & altered states.
- Levels and states of consciousness involve physiological changes like brain activity, subjective feelings of awareness occur in a global brain workspace.
Biological Rhythms & Sleep
- Circadian rhythms → periodic fluctuations in the body (e.g., sleep-wake cycle)
- Stages of sleep/wakefulness are based on EEG patterns, including N1, N2, N3, REM stages.
- Sleep disruptions can cause disorders/ diseases.
Theories & Uses of Hypnosis
- Hypnosis: altered state of consciousness with increased suggestibility
- Theories explain it as social or psychological factors, but not a unique state of consciousness. A method in which mental state is directed to focus on thoughts/ feelings/ sensory experiences
Types of Learning
- Learning: systematic change in behavior due to experience
- Conditioning (classical & operant): organism learns associations between events
- Types of conditioning: classical conditioning(associates 2 stimuli), and operant conditioning (associates behavior & consequence)
Observational Learning
- Observational learning occurs when a person observes and imitates another's behavior
- There are four steps required: attention, retention, motor reproduction & reinforcement
How Memories are Formated & Stored
- Encoding (putting info into memory by changing it into neural code), Storage (maintain info in memory system), Retrieval(getting info back out of memory)
- Memories are collections of connected neurons working together
- Long-term potentiation involves strengthening connections between neurons during repeated activations
- Structures of the brain involved in various types of memories.
Special Cases in Memory
- Encoding specificity principle, context-dependent memory, state-dependent memory, and autobiographical memory are discussed in detail
- Different types of memory failure are explored, including encoding failure, retrieval failure, interference, and motivated forgetting
Memory Disorders
- Amnesia is an inability to recall specific info from past due to specific brain injury or trauma
- There are different types of amnesia (anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia)
Applied Behavior Analysis
- Applied behavior analysis uses operant conditoning to modify behavior
- Principles: reinforcement & punishment to strengthen or decrease behaviors. Reinforcement increases, punishment decreases behavior
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Description
This quiz explores key concepts in psychology, including the scientific study of behavior and mental processes. It covers essential attitudes for a scientific approach, historical roots, and the factors influencing human behavior. Test your knowledge and understanding of these fundamental ideas in psychology.
