Introduction to Psychology Concepts
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Questions and Answers

What component is NOT included in the definition of the mind?

  • Consciousness
  • Memory
  • Socialization (correct)
  • Perception

Which philosophical perspective particularly emphasizes genetic influence over environmental factors?

  • Functionalism
  • Behaviorism
  • Empiricism
  • Nativism (correct)

What research method did Wilhelm Wundt primarily use to study consciousness?

  • Introspection
  • Surveys
  • Experimental trials (correct)
  • Case studies

Which of the following statements about structuralism is accurate?

<p>It breaks down mental processes into basic components. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a major limitation of using introspection as a research method?

<p>It can be subjective and lacks standardization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is recognized as the founder of psychology as a distinct scientific discipline?

<p>Wilhelm Wundt (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct definition of behavior in psychology?

<p>Observable actions and responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does consciousness primarily entail in psychological terms?

<p>Being aware of one’s own existence and surroundings (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the nature-nurture debate, nativism is aligned with which viewpoint?

<p>Nature (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cognitive faculty is NOT a component of the mind as defined in psychology?

<p>Personality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary critique of behaviorism in the field of psychology?

<p>It oversimplifies the causes of behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best captures the purpose of cognitive neuroscience?

<p>To understand how brain function underlies cognitive processes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Gestalt psychology approach the study of the human mind?

<p>By viewing the mind and behavior as a cohesive whole. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main focus of behavioral neuroscience?

<p>The relationship between brain function and behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes evolutionary psychology from other psychological approaches?

<p>It views psychological traits as adaptations to environmental challenges. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary method used in cognitive neuroscience to study brain activity?

<p>Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which field primarily investigates how cultural contexts shape psychological processes?

<p>Cultural psychology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of cognitive psychology, which area does NOT typically fall under its study?

<p>Social influences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which comparison accurately distinguishes a psychiatrist from a PhD psychologist?

<p>A psychiatrist is a medical doctor qualified to diagnose mental disorders. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant impact of the cognitive revolution on psychology?

<p>It introduced the importance of cognitive processes in understanding behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of functionalism in psychology?

<p>Studying how mental processes help individuals adapt to their environment (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which psychologist proposed the idea of 'stream of consciousness'?

<p>William James (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Freud's concept of the unconscious mind encompass?

<p>Repressed feelings and memories that influence behavior (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does humanistic psychology primarily differ from psychoanalytic theory?

<p>It focuses on personal growth and self-actualization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What criticism is often directed at behaviorism?

<p>It overlooks mental processes such as thoughts and emotions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best defines 'hysteria' as mentioned in the content?

<p>A psychological condition with various physical and emotional symptoms (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts is central to Freud's psychoanalytic theory?

<p>Defense mechanisms to manage internal conflicts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In contrast to Wundt, what did William James emphasize in his approach to consciousness?

<p>Studying consciousness in terms of its adaptive functions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with the criticism of Freud's theories regarding determinism?

<p>The idea that early experiences rigidly shape adult personality (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of behaviorism as described in the content?

<p>Emphasis on observable behavior over mental processes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental principle underlies the philosophical approach of empiricism?

<p>Knowledge is primarily based on sensory experience. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately reflects the characteristics of a scientific theory?

<p>A theory is a well-substantiated explanation based on evidence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What best describes the role of an operational definition in research?

<p>It specifies how a concept will be measured in a study. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does construct validity assess in the context of measurement?

<p>Whether a measure reflects the theoretical construct it intends to measure. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common issue associated with demand characteristics in research studies?

<p>They may lead participants to behave in ways that align with study expectations. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method involves observing behavior in a natural environment without any manipulation?

<p>Naturalistic observation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In a double-blind observation, what is the main advantage offered?

<p>Both participants and experimenters are unaware of the treatment allocation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect refers to the ability of a measure to consistently yield the same results?

<p>Reliability. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'power' entail in the context of psychological measurement?

<p>The capacity of a measure to detect an effect or difference when one exists. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the third-variable problem in correlation studies?

<p>It indicates the existence of an unmeasured variable affecting both correlated variables. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does random assignment improve the validity of an experiment?

<p>By eliminating the influence of self-selection and selection bias. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accurately distinguishes between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

<p>The independent variable is controlled by the researcher, and the dependent variable is the outcome measured. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a positive correlation indicate about two variables?

<p>As one variable increases, the other variable also tends to increase. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best explains internal validity in experimental research?

<p>It determines the degree to which the study accurately establishes cause-and-effect relationships. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does self-selection in research studies lead to?

<p>Selection bias that affects group comparability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do researchers mean by saying that a result is statistically significant?

<p>The result is unlikely to have occurred by random chance alone. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In research, what is the primary purpose of random sampling?

<p>To ensure every individual has an equal chance of being included in the study. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does external validity refer to in research studies?

<p>The extent to which results can be generalized to real-world situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which research method is primarily characterized by an in-depth investigation of a single subject or phenomenon?

<p>Case method. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Psychology

The scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Mind

The complex set of cognitive faculties like thoughts, feelings, and consciousness.

Behavior

Observable actions and responses of individuals.

Nativism

Certain abilities are present from birth, not learned.

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Nature-Nurture Debate

A debate on whether traits are inherited (nature) or influenced by experience (nurture).

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Wilhelm Wundt

Founder of Psychology, established first lab (1879).

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Structuralism

Early school of psychology that focused on breaking down mental events to their basic components.

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Introspection

Self-examination of one's conscious experiences.

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Reaction Time

The time it takes between a stimulus and response.

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Consciousness

Awareness of self and surroundings, thoughts, and feelings.

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Behaviorism

A school of thought focusing on observable behaviors and their environmental causes, ignoring internal mental processes.

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Cognitive Psychology

The study of mental processes like thinking, remembering, and problem-solving.

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Gestalt Psychology

A school of thought emphasizing the importance of mental processes as a whole, rather than separate parts.

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Cognitive Neuroscience

Combines psychology and neuroscience to study how the brain supports mental processes.

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Behavioral Neuroscience

The study of how the brain and nervous system relate to behavior.

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Evolutionary Psychology

Explaining behaviors as adaptations to solve problems in ancestral environments.

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Social Psychology

The study of how people interact socially, and how social contexts influence behavior.

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Cultural Psychology

Examining how culture shapes psychological processes and how psychology varies across cultures.

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Psychiatry

A medical specialty diagnosing and treating mental illnesses.

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PhD Psychologist

Professionals with advanced research and clinical training in psychology, not medical doctors.

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Introspection

Reflecting on one's own thoughts and feelings in response to stimuli and describing them as accurately as possible.

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Functionalism

Branch of psychology focusing on the functions and purposes of the mind and behavior in adapting to the environment.

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William James

Founder of functionalism who studied the functions of consciousness and how it contributes to survival.

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Wilhelm Wundt

Founder of structuralism. Used introspection to break down consciousness into its basic elements.

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Stream of Consciousness

The idea that consciousness is a continuous and flowing experience, not divided into discrete elements.

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Unconscious Mind

Part of the mind that is not immediately accessible to awareness, but influences behavior.

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Psychoanalysis

Method of treating mental illness by focusing on the unconscious mind and its processes.

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Behaviorism

Psychological approach focusing on observable behavior rather than internal processes.

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S-R Psychology

Behaviorism's emphasis on the relationship between environmental stimuli (S) and the resulting responses (R).

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Humanistic Psychology

Focuses on the potential for personal growth, self-actualization, and inherent goodness in individuals.

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Empiricism

Knowledge comes from sensory experience and experimentation, not just ideas or traditions.

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Scientific Method

A systematic way to study things, get new knowledge, or update existing understanding.

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Theory

Well-supported explanation of natural events based on evidence, tested many times.

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Hypothesis

Testable prediction about the relationship between 2 or more things.

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Operational Definition

How a variable is measured or manipulated in the experiment.

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Construct Validity

How well a measurement reflects the concept it aims to measure.

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Reliability

Consistency of a measurement; you'd get similar results if repeated.

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Demand Characteristics

Hints in a study that tell participants how to act.

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Naturalistic Observation

Watching behaviors in a natural environment without changing it.

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Double-Blind Observation

Both experimenters and participants don't know who is in the control or treatment group.

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Variable

A characteristic or phenomenon that can change in a study.

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Correlation

A statistical measure showing the relationship between two variables.

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Causation vs. Correlation

Correlation doesn't imply causation; a third factor may influence both variables.

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Third-variable problem

A hidden variable influencing both variables being studied.

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Positive Correlation

Both variables increase or decrease together.

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Negative Correlation

As one variable increases, the other decreases (and vice-versa).

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Experiment

A research method to determine cause-and-effect relationships.

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Independent Variable

The variable the researcher controls in an experiment.

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Dependent Variable

The variable measured to see the effect of the change.

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Random Assignment

Placing participants randomly into groups.

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