Introduction to Psychology
41 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

What is the term used to describe the tendency to attribute one's successes to personal traits while attributing failures to external factors?

  • Cognitive dissonance
  • Confirmation bias
  • Self-serving bias (correct)
  • Fundamental attribution error

How does the anchoring and adjustment heuristic influence decision-making?

  • By avoiding the use of any reference points in estimations
  • By relying solely on intuition for problem-solving
  • By eliminating cognitive biases in decision-making
  • By starting with an initial value and making adjustments based on it (correct)

When someone thinks smoking is common among their friends, which cognitive bias are they exhibiting?

  • Self-serving bias
  • Availability heuristic (correct)
  • Optimism bias
  • Overconfidence effect

In the example provided about driving and flying, what cognitive concept is being illustrated?

<p>Anchoring and adjustment heuristic (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does believing that the world thinks in alignment with our attitudes have on our decision-making?

<p>It reinforces anchoring in our thought processes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary limitation of the trichromatic theory as illustrated by dichromats?

<p>They can see yellow even without red or green iodopsin. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following color combinations are considered primary colors in the additive color model?

<p>Red, green, and blue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of opponent pairs in color perception?

<p>They help organize visual receptor types into specific color pairings. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of depth cue involves the motion of objects relative to the observer?

<p>Motion parallax (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about pigments in the context of color vision is correct?

<p>Red, blue, and yellow pigments can produce a variety of colors through subtractive mixing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes sensation from perception based on the content provided?

<p>Perception involves the integration of sensory information with memory. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor does NOT influence the top-down processes in perception?

<p>Distance from an object (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of elaborative rehearsal in memory retention?

<p>It helps process information more meaningfully for better recall. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to the self-fulfilling prophecy in educational settings?

<p>Labeling some students as 'bright' creates expectations that affect teaching. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes social comparison theory?

<p>People are motivated to achieve accurate self-evaluations through comparisons with others. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What process involves interpreting social information and storing those experiences in memory?

<p>Social cognition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do individuals often enhance their recall of newly learned information according to the chunking method?

<p>By organizing information into smaller, manageable units. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which term describes the influence of actual or imagined presence of others on one's thoughts and behaviors?

<p>Social influence (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect is seen when misinformation is shared and believed due to its inflammatory nature?

<p>It can create a misleading consensus among the population. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the study by Craik and Tulving, which condition resulted in the highest recall of information?

<p>Sentence condition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to individuals gaining self-knowledge according to self-perception theory?

<p>Watching their own behavior and drawing conclusions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach promotes better memory retention through varied interpretations during learning?

<p>Deep processing (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does retention in memory refer to?

<p>The preservation of stored material over time (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of retrieval in memory?

<p>Recalling a friend's birthday during a conversation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of semantic priming in memory processing?

<p>To enhance the processing of a word related to a preceding word (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of memory is described as being very short and related to visual stimuli?

<p>Iconic memory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the multi-store model of memory consist of?

<p>Sensory, short-term, and long-term memory (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of shallow processing?

<p>Focusing on the sound of a word rather than its meaning (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common misconception about short-term memory capacity?

<p>It can store unlimited items for long durations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a schema affect memory retrieval?

<p>It creates expectations that influence what we remember (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is trace-driven memory retrieval?

<p>Retrieving a memory without alteration by current biases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which study exemplified the malleability of eyewitness memory?

<p>Loftus and Palmer's car speed study (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is phonemic restoration primarily concerned with in auditory perception?

<p>Filling in missing pieces of sound based on expectations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which principle describes the visual perception of distant objects appearing less detailed?

<p>Aerial perspective (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The Ponzo illusion demonstrates how linear perspective influences perception by making:

<p>Objects seem larger than they are. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is measured through the principle of perceptual set?

<p>The readiness to interpret stimuli based on experience. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'induced motion' refer to in motion perception?

<p>A stationary object appears to move when nearby objects are in motion. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are illusory contours in the context of visual perception?

<p>Edges that are perceived even in their absence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a Gestalt principle in problem-solving?

<p>Suddenly altering one’s perspective to view problems differently. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phi phenomenon illustrate in motion perception?

<p>The illusion of stationary images appearing to move. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the feature detector play in perceptual organization?

<p>It is responsible for recognizing specific visual patterns. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Color Vision

A type of vision where different colored light is detected by multiple types of photoreceptor cells in the retina.

Trichromatic Theory of Color Vision

A theory of color vision that states that three primary colors (red, blue, and green in light) can be combined to produce any other color. Different levels of stimulation of these three receptors results in different color perceptions.

Dichromats

A type of color blindness where the individual is unable to see either red or green light.

Sensation

The process of receiving information from the senses and sending it to the brain for further processing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perception

The process of interpreting sensory information and integrating it with existing knowledge, expectations, and experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Top-Down Processes

Mental processes that involve top-down processing, such as prior knowledge, expectations, and context, influencing how we interpret sensory information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Monocular Depth Cues

Depth cues that require only one eye to perceive. These cues help us judge distances and the relative position of objects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anchoring and Adjustment Heuristic

A mental shortcut where individuals estimate by starting with an initial value (anchor) and adjusting it to reach a final answer.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Serving Bias

The tendency to attribute personal successes to internal factors (like our abilities) and personal failures to external factors (like bad luck).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Availability Heuristic

If we smoke, we are more likely to assume those around us also smoke.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Confirmation Bias

The tendency to seek out information that confirms your existing beliefs, even if it's inaccurate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Anchoring Effect

Our own attitudes are a basis for how we perceive the world.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Phonemic restoration

Auditory signal presented where parts of a sentence are removed, yet listeners still perceive the whole sentence due to filling in the gaps based on expectations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Illusory contours

Even with missing edges, our visual system can still perceive complete shapes and objects.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Linear perspective

Parallel lines appear to converge as they extend towards the horizon, creating an illusion of depth.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Texture gradient

The closer an object, the more detail we see; the farther away, the less detail and the more blurred it appears.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Aerial perspective

Objects farther away appear fuzzier due to moisture and particles in the air, making them appear less distinct.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Occlusion

Objects that partially hide others are perceived as closer, due to occlusion.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perceptual set

A tendency to interpret stimuli based on our expectations and prior experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Perceptual ambiguous figures

Visual stimuli that can be interpreted in two or more ways.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Visual illusions

Visual illusions that exploit depth cues to create false perceptions of size or distance.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acquisition (Encoding)

The process of attending to a stimulus and transforming it into a form that can be stored in memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retention

Preserving stored information over time, making it available for later use.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Retrieval

The process of retrieving information from memory for use.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Multi-Store Model of Memory

A theoretical model that proposes three distinct memory stores: sensory, short-term, and long-term.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Sensory Memory

A brief memory store that holds sensory information for a very short period (milliseconds).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Short-Term Memory

A temporary memory store with a limited capacity (about 7 items) that holds information for a short period (seconds).

Signup and view all the flashcards

Long-Term Memory

A permanent memory store with an unlimited capacity for storing information over long periods.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Schema

The mental representation of a concept or category that organizes our knowledge and expectations about the world.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Semantic Priming

A process by which memory retrieval is facilitated by the prior presentation of a related word or concept.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Schema-Driven Memory Retrieval

A type of memory retrieval based on our existing schemas and expectations, which can influence our interpretation of events.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Psychology

The scientific study of how people's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors are influenced by others, including their own self-perception.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Cognition

Refers to the mental processes involved in understanding social information, including how we perceive, interpret, and act on it.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Impression Formation

The process of forming an impression or judgment about someone, often based on limited information.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Elaborative Rehearsal

The process of transferring information from short-term memory (STM) to long-term memory (LTM) through meaningful processing.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Fulfilling Prophecies

The phenomenon where people's expectations about another person can influence their behavior towards that person, ultimately leading the person to behave in a way that confirms those expectations.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Comparison Theory

The theory suggests that we learn about ourselves by comparing our abilities, opinions, and beliefs to those of others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Self-Perception Theory

The theory proposes that we infer our own attitudes and beliefs by observing our own behavior, especially when internal cues are weak or ambiguous.

Signup and view all the flashcards

State-Dependent Memory

The ability to recall information more easily when the state of mind or internal environment at the time of learning is similar to the state of mind at the time of retrieval.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Repetition and Belief

The tendency for information that is repeated frequently, especially if it's inflammatory or controversial, to be more readily believed and shared.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Chunking

The process of dividing large amounts of information into smaller, more manageable chunks to improve learning and memory.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

Early Psychology

  • Cartesian Dualism: separation of mind and body
  • Malevolent Demon: a being controlling input to one's senses
  • Brain in a Vat: a thought experiment where a brain in a computer thinks it's experiencing reality

Perspectives in Psychology

  • Behaviourism: scientific study of observable behaviour
    • Pavlov: classical conditioning (dogs)
    • Skinner: operant conditioning
  • Psychodynamic: unconscious motivating forces guiding behaviour and personality
    • Freud: Id, Ego, Superego; psychosexual stages
    • Jung: unconscious processes
  • Humanistic: emphasizes human potential and free will
    • Rogers: client-centered therapy; unconditional positive regard
    • Maslow: hierarchy of needs
  • Cognitive: scientific study of mental processes
    • Ebbinghaus: memory research
  • Evolutionary: behaviour influenced by genes and survival needs
    • Darwin: natural selection
    • Dawkins: survival of the fittest gene
    • Wilson: sociobiology

Science of Psychology

  • Biological: behaviour traced to physical causes
    • Broca's area: speech production
    • Wernicke's area: speech comprehension
  • Evolutionary: Behaviour influenced by genes and survival needs
    • Genes: self-replicating units
    • Mutations: variability in gene replication
    • Selection pressure: acts on variability
  • Memes: units of cultural information
  • Sociobiology: reproductive strategies influence behaviour

Sensation

  • Touch: Three types of receptors (temperature, pressure, pain)
  • Taste: Taste buds; operate similarly to color (trichromatic)
  • Hearing:
    • Pitch: determined by frequency (Hz)
    • Loudness: determined by amplitude (dB)
    • Place theory: different parts of the basilar membrane vibrate at different pitches
    • Frequency theory: rate of hair cell firing corresponds to frequency
    • Volley theory: groups of hair cells fire alternately
  • Smell: Chemicals (pheromones) affect physiological responses.
  • Sight: Light waves; two types of receptors (rods and cones)
    • Rods: low light; no color
    • Cones: bright light; color information and detail
  • Color Vision: Trichromatic theory (three types of cones).

Perception

  • Top-down processes: Memory, expectations, etc., affect info interpretation
  • Depth perception: Estimating distance
  • Monocular depth cues: Need one eye to see
  • Binocular depth cues: Need both eyes (retinal disparity, convergence)
  • Perceptual constancy: Size, shape, color, and brightness seem constant despite changes in sensory input.
  • Visual illusions: demonstrate how we perceive sensory input.
  • Motion Perception: involves detecting movement in a scene.
  • Figure-Ground: distinguishing a figure from its surroundings

Memory

  • Stages of Memory:
    • Acquisition (Encoding): storing
    • Retention: preserving stored info
    • Retrieval: accessing info
  • Multi-store model: Sensory, Short-Term, Long-Term memory
  • Sensory Memory: brief, initial sensory experience (iconic - visual; echoic - auditory)
  • Short-Term Memory (STM): limited capacity
  • Long-Term Memory (LTM): Stores more information; includes
    • Semantic Memory: General knowledge
    • Episodic Memory: Experiences
  • Flashbulb Memories: vivid memories of surprising events
  • Levels of Processing: Deeper processing leads to better memory.
  • Encoding Specificity: Retrieval cues help recall.

Social Cognition

  • Attributions: Inferences about the causes of behavior (individual/external).
  • Actor-Observer Bias: attributing our own behavior to external factors, others to internal factors.
  • Correspondence Bias (Fundamental Attribution Error): Overemphasizing internal factors when explaining others' behavior.
  • Heuristics: cognitive shortcuts for quick decisions
    • Availability: ease of recall affects perceived likelihood.
    • Representativeness: similarity to prototypes influences judgements.
  • Cognitive Dissonance: tension from inconsistent attitudes and behaviors.
  • Social Comparison: evaluating ourselves by comparing to others.
  • Schemas: mental frameworks for organizing information.
  • Priming: activating certain concepts in memory.
  • Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: prejudgments about social groups.

Social Influence

  • Compliance: changing behavior due to direct requests.
  • Obedience: Changing behavior due to authority figures.
  • Conformity: changing behavior to match others.
  • Principles of Compliance: Reciprocity, Consistency, Liking, Authority.
    • Door-in-the-face technique: Large request followed by smaller one.
    • Foot-in-the-door technique: Small request followed by larger one.

Health Psychology

  • Stress: Physiological, emotional, and behavioural response to challenges or threats.
  • Stressors: Events that trigger stress.
  • General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS): Three stages: Alarm, Resistance, Exhaustion.
  • Cognitive Appraisal: Evaluating events as threats or challenges.
  • Coping: Strategies to manage stress.
    • Problem-focused coping: addressing source of stress.
    • Emotion-focused coping: managing reactions to stress.
  • Social Support: Influence of support on health.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

Intro To Psych PDF

Description

Explore the foundational concepts in early psychology, including Cartesian Dualism and thought experiments like the Brain in a Vat. Delve into various psychological perspectives such as Behaviorism, Psychodynamic theory, Humanistic psychology, Cognitive psychology, and Evolutionary psychology. Understand how these frameworks shape our understanding of human behavior and mental processes.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser