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Questions and Answers
What is the main function of the ectoplasm in protozoa?
What is the main function of the ectoplasm in protozoa?
- Storage of waste products
- Reproduction
- Metabolism
- Ingestion of food (correct)
Which part of the cytoplasm in protozoa contains the nucleus?
Which part of the cytoplasm in protozoa contains the nucleus?
- Endoplasm (correct)
- Food vacuoles
- Storage granules
- Ectoplasm
What is the function of food vacuoles in protozoa?
What is the function of food vacuoles in protozoa?
- Storage of waste products
- Ingestion of food (correct)
- Metabolism
- Reproduction
Which structure in protozoa is responsible for collecting waste products?
Which structure in protozoa is responsible for collecting waste products?
What is the main function of the nucleus in protozoa?
What is the main function of the nucleus in protozoa?
Where is the chromatin usually located in the nucleus of protozoa?
Where is the chromatin usually located in the nucleus of protozoa?
How is the nucleus of a vesicular type different from a compact type?
How is the nucleus of a vesicular type different from a compact type?
How do Ciliates primarily achieve locomotion?
How do Ciliates primarily achieve locomotion?
Which protozoa group relies on diffusion through the body surface for nutrition?
Which protozoa group relies on diffusion through the body surface for nutrition?
How do Amoebae primarily excrete waste products?
How do Amoebae primarily excrete waste products?
What do protozoa secrete to facilitate various functions?
What do protozoa secrete to facilitate various functions?
Which protozoa group utilizes phagocytosis for nutrition?
Which protozoa group utilizes phagocytosis for nutrition?
What is the process of forming cysts that resist unfavorable conditions outside the body and protect against digestive juices in the gastrointestinal tract?
What is the process of forming cysts that resist unfavorable conditions outside the body and protect against digestive juices in the gastrointestinal tract?
Which method of asexual reproduction involves the division of a single parasite into two parasites?
Which method of asexual reproduction involves the division of a single parasite into two parasites?
In which type of reproduction does Plasmodium exhibit the division of nucleus into several parts followed by cytoplasm division?
In which type of reproduction does Plasmodium exhibit the division of nucleus into several parts followed by cytoplasm division?
What is the process in class Sporozoa where male and female gametocytes are formed and unite to produce a zygote?
What is the process in class Sporozoa where male and female gametocytes are formed and unite to produce a zygote?
Which form of reproduction involves the exchange of nuclear material between two organisms?
Which form of reproduction involves the exchange of nuclear material between two organisms?
In which type of reproduction are numerous daughter cells formed after the nucleus undergoes successive divisions within the schizont?
In which type of reproduction are numerous daughter cells formed after the nucleus undergoes successive divisions within the schizont?
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Study Notes
Definition and Structure of Protozoa
- Protozoa are microscopic unicellular organisms capable of performing all physiological functions of life.
- They are composed of protoplasm, which is differentiated into nucleoplasm and cytoplasm.
- Cytoplasm consists of outer thin hyaline ectoplasm and inner voluminous granular endoplasm.
- Ectoplasm serves as the organ for locomotion and for engulfment of food.
- Endoplasm contains the nucleus, food vacuoles, storage granules, and excretory vacuoles.
Nucleus
- The nucleus consists of nuclear membrane, nucleoplasm, and chromatin.
- The nucleus is usually single but may be double or multiple.
- Types of nuclei: vesicular (central karyosome, peripheral chromatin dots), compact (diffuse compact chromatin filling the nucleus).
Physiological Functions of Protozoa
- Locomotion:
- By Pseudopodia (amoeboid movement) in Amoebae.
- By Cilia in Ciliates.
- By Flagella (single or multiple) in Flagellates.
- By gliding in Sporozoa.
- Nutrition:
- By ingestion of solid particles by phagocytosis using pseudopodia in Amoebae.
- By cytostome in Ciliates and some Flagellates.
- By diffusion through the body surface in Flagellates and Sporozoa.
- By pinocytosis (liquid form) in Sporozoa.
- Excretion:
- By diffusion through the body surface in Flagellates.
- By contractile vacuoles that rupture to the outside in Amoebae.
- By cytopyge in Ciliates.
- By deposition of waste products (pigment) in the cytoplasm in Sporozoa.
- Secretion:
- Digestive ferments.
- Material for the cyst wall formation.
- Proteolytic enzymes.
- Hemolysins and cytolysins.
- Toxic and antigenic substances.
- Encystation: Formation of cysts that resist unfavorable conditions outside the body and for protection against digestive juice of the gastrointestinal tract.
- Reproduction:
- Asexual Reproduction:
- Simple Binary Fission: a method of asexual reproduction by which a single parasite divides into two parasites.
- Multiple Binary Fission or Schizogony: the nucleus divides into several parts, followed by division of the cytoplasm, forming several daughter cells.
- Sexual Reproduction:
- Conjugation: exchange of nuclear material between two organisms.
- Gametogony: formation of male and female gametocytes, followed by their union (Syngamy) to produce a zygote.
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