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What term did Ernst Haeckel propose for the third kingdom of organisms?
What term did Ernst Haeckel propose for the third kingdom of organisms?
Which of the following statements about protist cells is correct?
Which of the following statements about protist cells is correct?
How do phagotrophic protists obtain nutrients?
How do phagotrophic protists obtain nutrients?
What is the term for the exchange of genetic materials between two protists?
What is the term for the exchange of genetic materials between two protists?
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Which type of protists contain plastids that differ in pigment color?
Which type of protists contain plastids that differ in pigment color?
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What kind of reproduction do most protists primarily utilize?
What kind of reproduction do most protists primarily utilize?
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What distinguishes mixotrophic protists from other types?
What distinguishes mixotrophic protists from other types?
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What process in protists involves the combination of two gametes to form a zygote?
What process in protists involves the combination of two gametes to form a zygote?
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What is the consequence of excessive binary fission in protists?
What is the consequence of excessive binary fission in protists?
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Which storage product is unique to the group Euglenophyta?
Which storage product is unique to the group Euglenophyta?
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Which pigment is commonly possessed by algae contributing to their photosynthetic abilities?
Which pigment is commonly possessed by algae contributing to their photosynthetic abilities?
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What are the two alternating generations involved in the alternation of generations in protists?
What are the two alternating generations involved in the alternation of generations in protists?
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What characteristic separates cyanophytes from other algal protists?
What characteristic separates cyanophytes from other algal protists?
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What type of environment are Euglenophyta primarily found in?
What type of environment are Euglenophyta primarily found in?
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Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of algae?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic feature of algae?
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Which of the following taxa is associated with a well-defined nucleus and flagella?
Which of the following taxa is associated with a well-defined nucleus and flagella?
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What structure replaces the cellulose cell wall in euglenophytes?
What structure replaces the cellulose cell wall in euglenophytes?
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What color is the stigma or eyespot typically found in euglenophytes?
What color is the stigma or eyespot typically found in euglenophytes?
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What is the primary mode of reproduction for euglenophytes?
What is the primary mode of reproduction for euglenophytes?
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How do dinoflagellates move through the water?
How do dinoflagellates move through the water?
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Which pigment is NOT typically found in dinoflagellates?
Which pigment is NOT typically found in dinoflagellates?
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How do dinoflagellates contribute to the marine environment?
How do dinoflagellates contribute to the marine environment?
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What happens to the theca during asexual reproduction in armored dinoflagellates?
What happens to the theca during asexual reproduction in armored dinoflagellates?
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What type of relationships do some dinoflagellates form with marine animals?
What type of relationships do some dinoflagellates form with marine animals?
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What type of reproduction is typically associated with Chlamydomonas under less favorable conditions?
What type of reproduction is typically associated with Chlamydomonas under less favorable conditions?
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Which of the following characteristics distinguishes brown algae (Phaeophyta) from other algae?
Which of the following characteristics distinguishes brown algae (Phaeophyta) from other algae?
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What do holdfasts do in brown algae?
What do holdfasts do in brown algae?
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What type of alternation of generations is characteristic of reproduction in Laminaria?
What type of alternation of generations is characteristic of reproduction in Laminaria?
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What are sori in the context of brown algae reproductive structures?
What are sori in the context of brown algae reproductive structures?
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How do the gametophytes of Laminaria differ from its sporophyte?
How do the gametophytes of Laminaria differ from its sporophyte?
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What is true about the reproductive structures of gametophytes in brown algae?
What is true about the reproductive structures of gametophytes in brown algae?
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What happens during meiosis in the reproductive cycle of Laminaria?
What happens during meiosis in the reproductive cycle of Laminaria?
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What characteristic distinguishes Rhodophyta from other groups of algae?
What characteristic distinguishes Rhodophyta from other groups of algae?
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Which pigments are responsible for the red coloration in Rhodophyta?
Which pigments are responsible for the red coloration in Rhodophyta?
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What is the primary source of commercial polysaccharides obtained from red algae?
What is the primary source of commercial polysaccharides obtained from red algae?
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How do the gametes of Rhodophyta achieve fertilization?
How do the gametes of Rhodophyta achieve fertilization?
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What does the diploid zygote produced by the fertilization of the antherozoid grow into?
What does the diploid zygote produced by the fertilization of the antherozoid grow into?
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Which of the following describes a reproductive method used by some primitive red algae?
Which of the following describes a reproductive method used by some primitive red algae?
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Which of the following statements is true about Protozoa?
Which of the following statements is true about Protozoa?
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What is the term for the multicellular organisms that evolved alongside Protozoa?
What is the term for the multicellular organisms that evolved alongside Protozoa?
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What characterizes the locomotion of Trypanosoma?
What characterizes the locomotion of Trypanosoma?
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How does the infectious form of T.brucei reach the central nervous system in humans?
How does the infectious form of T.brucei reach the central nervous system in humans?
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What is the primary mode of reproduction in zooflagellates like T.brucei?
What is the primary mode of reproduction in zooflagellates like T.brucei?
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Which of the following statements about ciliates is true?
Which of the following statements about ciliates is true?
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What happens when the macronucleus of a ciliate is removed?
What happens when the macronucleus of a ciliate is removed?
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What is the function of the cytostome in ciliates?
What is the function of the cytostome in ciliates?
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What role do trichocysts play in some ciliated protozoans?
What role do trichocysts play in some ciliated protozoans?
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What distinguishes anaerobic ciliates found in the rumen of cattle?
What distinguishes anaerobic ciliates found in the rumen of cattle?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Protista
- German biologist Ernst Haeckel proposed a third kingdom (Protista) in 1886 to accommodate eukaryotic microorganisms that did not fit into the plant or animal kingdoms.
- Most protists are unicellular or form colonies.
- Multicellular protists exist among brown and red algae.
Protist Cells
- Protist cells are eukaryotic, containing a nucleus and organelles.
- Photosynthetic protists (e.g., algae) have plastids.
- Plastid color and membrane structure varies with organism.
- Diatoms and dinoflagellates are types of photosynthetic protists and are phytoplankton in the oceans.
Protist Nutrition
- Protists can be autotrophic (make their own food) or heterotrophic (get food from another source).
- Heterotrophic protists include phagotrophs (consume other cells) and osmotrophs (absorb nutrients from the surrounding environment).
- Mixotrophs are photosynthetic and phagotrophic.
Protist Reproduction
- Asexual reproduction includes budding and binary or multiple fission.
- Budding is when a mature cell forms a bud that develops into a new cell.
- Binary fission is when a cell splits into two identical cells; multiple fission has the new cell nuclei developing individually until they become separate cells.
- Sexual reproduction (syngamy) involves the exchange of genetic material via conjugation to prevent death caused by repeated binary fission.
- Alternation of generations is also seen in some protists.
- Sporophytes and gametophytes are the alternating generations of protists that produce spores and gametes, respectively, allowing reproduction to continue.
Protist Diversity
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Protista is a diverse group of unicellular and multicellular eukaryotic organisms.
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Multicellular algae are included in the group.
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Algae are often referred to as 'plant-like' protists and have common features:
- Possession of chlorophyll
- Photosynthesis
- Carbon fixation
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Euglenophyta are flagellated organisms, ranging in size 10-500µm.
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Dinoflagellates are unicellular, often biflagellate, marine plankton.
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Diatoms (Chrysophyta), or the 'golden-brown algae', are the most important phytoplankton in marine food chains. They have unique silica cell walls (frustules) with varied structures and patterns.
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Phaeophyta (brown algae) are multicellular, large and complex seaweeds that dominate rocky shores in temperate and polar regions, and have complex tissue organization and sexual reproduction processes. They use the carbohydrate laminarin as a food store.
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Rhodophyta (red algae) are largely multicellular marine species and have specialized photosynthetic pigments (phycoerythrin and phycocyanin).
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Red algae are a source of commercially valuable polysaccharides such as agar and carrageenan.
The Protozoa (Animal-like Protists)
- Protozoa are a diverse group of single-celled organisms, often found in water.
- They have a contractile vacuole for osmoregulation, essential in freshwater habitats.
- Many protozoans are heterotrophic, capturing and digesting food particles.
- Amoebas use pseudopods for movement and feeding.
- Zooflagellates use flagella for movement
- Ciliates use cilia for movement and feeding.
The Sporozoans (Apicomplexa)
- Sporozoans are parasites, having complex life cycles.
- Plasmodium is a sporozoan that causes malaria.
Slime molds and water molds (Fungus-like Protists)
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Oomycota (water molds) resemble fungi in morphology, but differ at the molecular level.
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Myxomycota (plasmodial slime molds) exist as a multinucleated cytoplasm (plasmodium) and can move through habitats.
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Dictyostelida (cellular slime molds) resemble true molds forming fruit bodies under stress.
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Description
Explore the fascinating world of Protista, a kingdom proposed by Ernst Haeckel. Learn about the cellular structure, nutrition, and reproduction of various protists, including both unicellular and multicellular forms. This quiz will test your understanding of the unique characteristics that define these eukaryotic microorganisms.
