Introduction to Programming Languages

Safety is the quality or state of being safe; freedom from danger, injury, or damage.
Lab safety includes hazards and symbols, safety equipment, and prohibitions.
Lab safety is important to prevent students/workers from injuring themselves or others.
Regularity agencies like OSHA, EPA, NIOSH, and ACGIH developed regulations for workplaces to restrict the release of hazardous materials.
Hazard identification is a critical step for determining control measures to reduce worker exposure to hazardous chemicals.
Hazards are potential sources of danger, harm, often related to an agent, condition, or activity.
Hazard evaluation is an organized effort to analyze the significance of hazardous situations.
Hazard controls (hierarchy of controls) are a framework for selecting ways to deal with workplace hazards: Elimination, Substitution, Engineering Controls, Administrative Controls, and PPE.
Elimination is the most effective control by removing the hazard.
Substitution replaces hazardous materials with less hazardous ones.
Engineering controls isolate people from the hazard (e.g., chemical fume hoods, biological safety cabinets).
Administrative controls (e.g., work schedules, tasks, workplace safety procedures).
PPE (e.g., lab coats, gloves, goggles, safety shoes are the last line of defense.
The Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) requires pictograms on labels to alert users of chemical hazards.
Pictograms are symbols on white background framed with a red border indicating distinct hazards.

Explosive materials can become highly reactive and explosive.
Carcinogenic materials are those that cause cancer.
Compressed gases can be toxic, flammable, oxidizing, corrosive, inert, or a combination of these hazards.
Emergency eyewashes/showers are crucial for flushing hazardous substances from eyes and body.
Fire blankets and extinguishers are critical safety tools.

No eating, drinking, or smoking in the lab.
Don't smell or taste chemicals (use wafting technique)
Do not take hands or pen/pencils to face/mouth while working in the lab.
Separate equipment must be dedicated to its intended use, and conspicuously labeled.
Do not leave lab until washing hands.
Don't touch contact lenses except when using the emergency eyewash equipment.
Wipe down lab station tops with disinfectant before and after use.
Proper waste disposal instructions are critical.
Don't engage in practical jokes or horseplay in the lab.
Long hair must be tied back or covered to minimize fire or contamination of experiments.
Open-toed shoes, sandals, cloth/mesh sneakers, ballerina shoes, shorts, short skirts, capris, torn clothing are prohibited.
Wear PPE outside the lab.
Read chemical labels carefully at least twice.

Working alone increases risks to health and safety.
All operations requiring individuals working alone must be approved by the supervisor.

###Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE is crucial to protect workers from contact with chemical, radiological, physical, electrical, or other workplace hazards.
Eye/face protection includes safety glasses for impact resistance.
Body protection includes lab coats, or aprons.
Hand protection includes gloves (vinyl, latex, nitrile) for critical applications.
Chemical splash goggles are essential for potential chemical splashes.
Face shields protect the face from splashes/particles.

Provides safety information of chemicals, hazards, handling, first aid, storage, and disposal procedures.
Required to be available in laboratories for all chemicals.

Glassware (avoid broken or cracked glassware, use appropriate equipment).
Magnets (inform personnel of potential for injury, secure magnets appropriately). Electrical hazards, potential for electrical shock and fire.

Sources of biological hazards (bacteria, viruses, insects, plants, animals, and humans).
Biosafety levels (BSL) for containment.
Proper procedures, protective clothing, and disposal methods.