Introduction to Politics
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Questions and Answers

What does the term 'raison d’etat' refer to in politics?

  • The importance of public opinion
  • The philosophy of civil art
  • The art of persuasion in politics
  • The reason of state (correct)

Which of the following best describes 'republicanism'?

  • Government primarily driven by trade interests
  • A system where power is concentrated in a few elites
  • Absolute rule by kings and sultans
  • Self-administration and equal citizen participation (correct)

What does a 'power struggle' in politics primarily concern?

  • The quest for universal peace
  • The economic growth of trade
  • The balance of moral values in governance
  • Domination and hegemony (correct)

Which political form is considered the most modern according to the content?

<p>Nation-state (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is 'statelessness' conceptualized in relation to history?

<p>As a state without historical background (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of politics does 'liberal economistic understanding' emphasize?

<p>Trade and economic interests (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following concepts challenges traditional views about the state?

<p>Cyclical circulation of power (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is implied by the term 'great men' in the context of politics?

<p>Rulers and power figures with significant impact (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'Historical Materialism' imply in Marxism?

<p>Viewing history through a materialistic perspective (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the stages of human society according to Marxism?

<p>Slavery &gt; Feudalism &gt; Capitalism &gt; Socialism &gt; Communism (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the state in a Marxist framework?

<p>It is an instrument of the ruling classes and a secondary institution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the phrase 'from each according to his ability, to each according to his need' signify?

<p>Need-based allocation and justice in a communist society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Marxism, what is considered a major factor leading to international conflict?

<p>Class divisions and capitalist needs for new markets (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does Marxism view the concept of superstructure?

<p>As secondary and dependent on the infrastructure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does Karl Marx mean when he says, 'Men make history but not under the conditions of their own choosing'?

<p>Historical progress is determined by external economic factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Marxist explanation of class struggle?

<p>It is the history of class struggles that drive historical change (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of holism emphasize about society?

<p>Society is more than just the sum of its individual parts. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the concept of authority viewed in paternalistic conservatism?

<p>As essential for providing direction and maintaining social harmony. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the principle of 'noblesse oblige' imply?

<p>The elite must take on responsibilities to care for society. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is indicated by the term 'natural aristocracy' in conservative thought?

<p>The notion that a high social class is essential for maintaining order. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does property have according to conservative thinking?

<p>Property is a source of freedom and entails social duties. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary concern of Benjamin Disraeli’s 'One-nation conservatism'?

<p>Fostering unity to prevent social revolutions. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of modern conservatism does 'electoral realism' refer to?

<p>Adapting conservative practices to changing demographic needs. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the 'New Right' or Neo-Conservatism relate to the welfare state post-1945?

<p>It embraces and aligns with the principles of the welfare state. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary economic stance of the new right that emerged in the late 1970s?

<p>Free market without regulation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a social issue typically supported by the new right?

<p>Advocacy for drug legalization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the new right view welfare compared to workfare?

<p>Workfare replaces welfare to encourage self-reliance (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

During which historical event did the political meaning of nationalism significantly develop?

<p>The French Revolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Prior to the political changes brought by the French Revolution, identities were predominantly based on what?

<p>Loyalty to a ruler or dynasty (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant ideology that has merged with nationalism in the last two centuries?

<p>Socialism (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following figures is NOT typically associated with the development of conservative democracy in Turkey?

<p>Ronald Reagan (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The concept of a nation is best defined as:

<p>A group of people united by birth or place of birth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does economic planning emphasize as necessary beyond liberty?

<p>Provision of benefits and opportunities (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered a function of the welfare state?

<p>Corporate tax breaks (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary belief of neoliberalism regarding the role of the state in the economy?

<p>The state should minimize its role to enhance individual liberty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Friedrich Hayek, what does a greater state role in the economy lead to?

<p>Economic inefficiency (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key tenet of Margaret Thatcher's ideology?

<p>The belief that there is no society, only individuals (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What overarching program is associated with the policies of deregulation and privatization advocated by Thatcher and Reagan?

<p>Washington Consensus (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which scenario is NOT associated with the crisis of liberalism mentioned in the content?

<p>Strengthening of liberal democracies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notion does socialism primarily associate with in the political spectrum?

<p>Left-wing ideology (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is considered an objective criterion in defining a nation?

<p>Race (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which approach to nationalism emphasizes modern formations influenced by industrialization and urbanization?

<p>Modernist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the modernist perspective, what role does the printing press play in the formation of nations?

<p>It standardizes cultural practices. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best summarizes the primordialist understanding of national identity?

<p>National identity is rooted in organic bonds like language and tradition. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What concept describes nations being created by states as a result of historical developments?

<p>Invented traditions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT associated with modernist theories on nationalism?

<p>Instinctual traditions (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Renan's view of a nation includes which of the following concepts?

<p>Spiritual principle and collective memory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do proponents of the 'sleeping beauty' perspective imply about nationalism?

<p>Nationalism is an ancient instinct waiting to be awakened. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Economic Planning (in contrast to Classical Liberalism)

A system where the government uses various methods to influence the economy. This is in contrast to classical liberalism which emphasizes minimal government intervention.

Welfare State

A system where the government provides social programs and benefits to help vulnerable populations.

Neoliberalism

An economic philosophy that emphasizes free markets, reduced government intervention, and deregulation.

Classical Liberalism (in contrast to neoliberalism)

An economic philosophy emphasizing minimal government intervention and individual liberty.

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Market Fundamentalism

The belief that the free market is the most effective way to allocate resources.

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Privatization

Transferring ownership of state-operated businesses and industries to private entities.

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Deregulation

Reducing government regulations and restrictions on business activities.

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Socialism

An economic and political system advocating for social ownership, democratic control of the means of production and distribution of goods and services.

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Politics (Art of Ruling)

The process of governing and managing a society or state, typically revolving around the concepts of leadership and power.

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Politics as Public Affairs

A view of politics emphasizing the involvement of citizens in self-governance and the common good. It focuses on the participation of equal, free citizens.

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Politics as Consensus and Compromise

The perspective of politics that prioritizes negotiation, bargaining, and compromise over power struggles to reach agreement.

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Politics as Power Struggle

A view of politics that highlights conflict, domination, and the struggle for power and resources.

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State (old and new)

The organization that exercises governance and law over a territory and people. Often associated with a modern, independent legal entity.

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State vs. Non-State Societies

A contrast between societies organized by a formal governing body (like a state) and those not organized in such a way.

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Political Forms

Different historical and theoretical structures or arrangements of political power. (city-states, empires, etc.)

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Raison d'état

A concept emphasizing state interests above all else, even in the face of moral concerns.

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Historical Materialism

Analyzing history through the lens of material conditions and economic development.

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Infrastructure (Marxism)

The economic base of society, including means and relations of production.

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Superstructure (Marxism)

The non-economic aspects of society, such as politics, culture, and religion.

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Class Conflict (Marxism)

The struggle between different social classes over resources and power, driving historical change.

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Proletariat

The working class in a capitalist society.

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Bourgeoisie

The capitalist class, the owners of the means of production.

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Marxist View of the State

The state is an instrument of the ruling class, not neutral.

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Communism (Marxist)

A stateless society where resources are shared based on need; no private property.

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Holism in Society

The idea that society is more than the sum of its individual parts, emphasizing interconnectedness and interdependence.

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Natural Aristocracy

The belief that a natural hierarchy exists in society, with those of superior ability and virtue leading.

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Noblesse Oblige

The principle that those in power have a responsibility to act for the good of the community.

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Strong State

A powerful government with strong institutions and an emphasis on authority.

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Private Property Rights

The right to own and control property, providing security, independence from the state, and a reflection of one's personality.

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Paternalistic Conservatism

A philosophy where the state acts as a benevolent father protecting and guiding society.

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Electoral Realism

The adaptation of conservative principles to address the changing dynamics of modern society and mass demands.

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One-Nation Conservatism

Promoting social unity and addressing the concerns of all classes to prevent social unrest.

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New Right

A political movement that emerged in the late 1970s, primarily as a reaction to Keynesian social democracy and the perceived excesses of the welfare state. It advocates for free markets, limited government intervention, and traditional social values.

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Workfare

A system where individuals receiving government assistance are required to participate in work programs or job training in exchange for benefits. It's a shift away from traditional welfare, which provided benefits without work requirements.

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Culture of Permissiveness

A term used by the New Right to describe a perceived decline in moral standards and social order, often blamed on excessive liberalism and individualism.

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Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes a shared national identity, often based on common history, culture, language, and territory. It promotes the interests and unity of a nation.

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Political Legitimacy

The idea that political power must be justified and accepted by the people it governs. This can be based on various factors, including popular consent, tradition, or the rule of law.

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Nation

A group of people united by a shared history, culture, language, and territory, often forming a political and social unit.

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The French Revolution

A major turning point in European history, where the French people overthrew their monarchy and established a republic based on the principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

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Reference Point

A standard or benchmark used to understand and interpret something. In the context of nationalism, the nation itself becomes a reference point for understanding identity, belonging, and legitimacy.

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Nation: Objective Criteria

Factors that define a nation based on observable traits, like common language, religion, race, or shared history. These aspects are not personally chosen and are generally considered 'passive' in shaping national identity.

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Nation: Subjective Criteria

Factors that define a nation based on shared experiences, beliefs, and a sense of belonging. This includes collective memory, consent, and a feeling of being part of a community. This is an 'active' process of belonging.

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Primordialist View of Nation

The belief that nations are rooted in deep, innate bonds based on shared language, religion, traditions, homeland, and lifestyle. It considers nations as existing before the modern state.

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Modernist View of Nation

The belief that nations are modern creations shaped by factors like industrialization, urbanization, education, and communication technologies. It emphasizes the role of the state in creating a shared national identity.

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Imagined Communities

Benedict Anderson's concept that nations are not 'real' entities but rather imagined communities united by shared narratives and symbols. These narratives are spread through media like newspapers and the printing press.

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Invented Traditions

Eric Hobsbawm's idea that national traditions and symbols are often created or amplified by states to foster a sense of national unity and legitimacy. It emphasizes the state's role in shaping national identity.

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Active vs. Passive Nationalism

The distinction between national identity formed by objective criteria (like language, race, or history) which are generally 'passive,' and subjective criteria (like collective memory and consent) which represent an 'active' commitment to national identity.

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Nationalism as a Modern Form of State

The idea that nations are relatively new constructs that emerged alongside the development of modern states. It emphasizes the role of the state in defining and fostering national identity.

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Study Notes

What Is Politics?

  • Politics is defined as the art of managing animals (shepherding).
  • It's also the law of Chengiz (hunting, military, and postal service).
  • The nature of man is defined by politics (zoon politikon)(Aristotle), as a political animal, regardless of their participation.
  • Politics is fundamental to the human condition, an in-built part of human nature.
  • Differentiates between the oikos (household) and polis (city).
  • It's a concept related to the overall state of human society.

Defining Politics - Basic Distinctions

  • Politics examines conflict/cooperation between groups like economics and war(friends vs. enemies).
  • Describes political processes as general (applicable everywhere) or specific (in particular spheres).
  • Analyzes process(evolution) and space(location) of political action: authoritative allocation of resources & values.
  • The concept of who gets what, when, how, is addressed in political discourse, for which a broad definition of politics is given.
  • Politics arises from disagreement and conflict within and between organizations.

State

  • Discusses the concept of a state (and its role in society) and its historical evolution.
  • States have existed for over 5000 years
  • Modern state emerged around 400 years ago.
  • Nation-states emerged around 200 years ago.
  • The state is the primary political actor on the global stage (Jervis).
  • Defines a state as a human community that successfully claims a monopoly on the lawful use of force within a given territory. (Weber)
  • Covers the characteristics of states (population, territory, government, legal order...)
  • Traces political organization pre-modern forms to modern state systems (nation-states) and examines their evolution.

Sovereignty

  • Defines the internal and external aspects of sovereignty.
  • Discusses the principle of non-interference in the affairs of other sovereign nations.
  • States that the state is absolutely powerful within its boundaries and not subordinate to other entities.
  • Explains the sovereign equality of states according to the UN Charter.
  • Details the transition from states in premodern times to modern times and contemporary issues that challenge the concept of sovereignty.
  • Examines how states relate to each other.
  • Discusses the state's relationship with other societal actors.

Modern State System

  • Peace of Westphalia (1648) defined the parameters of the modern states system.
  • Principles of sovereign equality and territorial integrity were established.
  • The role of colonization influenced the emergence of the modern state system.
  • Examines the rise of international organizations and the challenge to state sovereignty.
  • Examines how the technology and globalization affect international affairs and the international community.
  • Explores what constitutes a state in the modern age.

Ideology

  • Defines ideology as a science of ideas – both positive (description) and negative (danger) senses.
  • Explains how ideologies are representations of political and social situations.
  • Provides three ways to view ideologies: political doctrine, narrowmindedness, dangerous radicalism.
  • Highlights the significance of ideologies in the modern world.

Liberalism

  • Defines liberalism as an ideology that centers individuals, freedom, and individual choices.
  • Discusses major themes and ideals in liberalism.
  • Reviews the different types of liberalism (classical, modern, and Neoliberal).
  • Explains liberalism's role as a dominant way of thinking in the modern era. (particularly in Western societies).

Conservatism

  • Explains the major aspects of conservatism.
  • Emphasizes tradition and continuity.
  • Relates conservatism to its emphasis on community, natural law, individual limits.
  • Explains how conservatism is a reaction to liberalism.
  • Details the core values of conservatism(tradition, limits, order, community).
  • Explains how conservatism reacts to the challenges of modernity.

Nationalism

  • Explains how nationalism emerged in the 18th century and gained influence in the 19th.
  • Reviews historical roots in tracing how the idea and concept evolved.
  • Focuses on the significance of nationalism.

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