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Questions and Answers
Which type of adrenergic receptor is primarily found in the organs innervated by the sympathetic system?
Which type of adrenergic receptor is primarily found in the organs innervated by the sympathetic system?
- Alpha (α) receptors (correct)
- Beta (β) receptors (correct)
- Muscarinic receptors
- Nicotinic receptors
What is the primary neurotransmitter that activates muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic system?
What is the primary neurotransmitter that activates muscarinic receptors in the parasympathetic system?
- Dopamine
- Acetylcholine (correct)
- Noradrenaline
- Serotonin
Which statement correctly describes the origin of preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?
Which statement correctly describes the origin of preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?
- Thoracic and lumbar regions (correct)
- Sacral region only
- Cervical region
- Cranio-Sacral region
What type of ganglia do postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system typically originate from?
What type of ganglia do postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic system typically originate from?
How do the types of fibers compare between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
How do the types of fibers compare between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems?
Which of the following correctly describes the study of physiology?
Which of the following correctly describes the study of physiology?
What percentage of total body weight is represented by water in an adult male?
What percentage of total body weight is represented by water in an adult male?
Which factor does NOT affect total body water?
Which factor does NOT affect total body water?
What is the primary cation found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the primary cation found in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which component of extracellular fluid makes up 3/4 of its total volume?
Which component of extracellular fluid makes up 3/4 of its total volume?
In the context of body fluid composition, what is a major difference between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?
In the context of body fluid composition, what is a major difference between intracellular fluid (ICF) and extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the primary anion present in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is the primary anion present in extracellular fluid (ECF)?
Which statement accurately reflects the factors affecting water balance in the body?
Which statement accurately reflects the factors affecting water balance in the body?
What is the primary effect of the contraction of tarsal muscles?
What is the primary effect of the contraction of tarsal muscles?
What does the contraction of the ciliary muscle achieve?
What does the contraction of the ciliary muscle achieve?
Which nerve is responsible for the secretion of profuse watery saliva?
Which nerve is responsible for the secretion of profuse watery saliva?
What effect does the vagus nerve have on the heart?
What effect does the vagus nerve have on the heart?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the urinary bladder?
What effect does the sympathetic nervous system have on the urinary bladder?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
What is the primary function of erythrocytes?
Which component makes up approximately 55% of blood volume?
Which component makes up approximately 55% of blood volume?
What is the clinical significance of hematocrit levels?
What is the clinical significance of hematocrit levels?
Which of the following statements regarding the sympathetic nervous system is true?
Which of the following statements regarding the sympathetic nervous system is true?
Which nerves have sacral outflow in the parasympathetic nervous system?
Which nerves have sacral outflow in the parasympathetic nervous system?
What happens during the relaxation of walls in the stomach and intestines?
What happens during the relaxation of walls in the stomach and intestines?
What percentage of the blood volume do thrombocytes account for?
What percentage of the blood volume do thrombocytes account for?
What is the composition of plasma?
What is the composition of plasma?
Which blood group has no agglutinins in the plasma?
Which blood group has no agglutinins in the plasma?
What initiates vascular spasms during the hemostatic process?
What initiates vascular spasms during the hemostatic process?
What is the correct sequence of events in blood coagulation?
What is the correct sequence of events in blood coagulation?
In which type of sympathetic ganglia is the relay of preganglionic sympathetic fibers found?
In which type of sympathetic ganglia is the relay of preganglionic sympathetic fibers found?
What type of neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons?
What type of neurotransmitter is released by sympathetic post-ganglionic neurons?
How does the body prevent excessive clotting and bleeding?
How does the body prevent excessive clotting and bleeding?
Which type of ganglia is found near or on the wall of effector organs?
Which type of ganglia is found near or on the wall of effector organs?
What role does von Willebrand factor play in the platelet plug formation?
What role does von Willebrand factor play in the platelet plug formation?
Rh+ve individuals possess which type of agglutinogen on their red blood cells?
Rh+ve individuals possess which type of agglutinogen on their red blood cells?
In hemostasis, which step follows the formation of a platelet plug?
In hemostasis, which step follows the formation of a platelet plug?
Which system in the autonomic nervous system releases acetylcholine?
Which system in the autonomic nervous system releases acetylcholine?
What is the primary function of autonomic ganglia?
What is the primary function of autonomic ganglia?
Excess fibrinolysis can lead to which condition?
Excess fibrinolysis can lead to which condition?
What occurs during fibrinolysis?
What occurs during fibrinolysis?
Which of the following best describes the composition of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
Which of the following best describes the composition of intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What is the primary consequence when water loss exceeds water gain?
What is the primary consequence when water loss exceeds water gain?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that must be maintained for homeostasis?
Which of the following is NOT a factor that must be maintained for homeostasis?
Which body system is primarily responsible for the movement of blood and thus contributes to homeostasis?
Which body system is primarily responsible for the movement of blood and thus contributes to homeostasis?
What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?
What is the role of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for initiating the fight-or-flight response?
Which part of the autonomic nervous system is responsible for initiating the fight-or-flight response?
The effector organ of the somatic nervous system is primarily which of the following?
The effector organ of the somatic nervous system is primarily which of the following?
Which structure in the body serves as an outer protective barrier?
Which structure in the body serves as an outer protective barrier?
What is a significant risk associated with homeostasis failure?
What is a significant risk associated with homeostasis failure?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system originates from the thoracolumbar region?
Which division of the autonomic nervous system originates from the thoracolumbar region?
Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?
Which of the following best describes the autonomic nervous system?
Which physiological parameter represents the standard pH level in a healthy human body?
Which physiological parameter represents the standard pH level in a healthy human body?
What is the main role of the endocrine system in homeostasis?
What is the main role of the endocrine system in homeostasis?
Which of these systems in the body is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
Which of these systems in the body is primarily responsible for gas exchange?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?
Which plasma protein is primarily responsible for maintaining osmotic pressure in the blood?
What is the primary function of fibrinogen in blood physiology?
What is the primary function of fibrinogen in blood physiology?
Which cells are classified as granulocytes in the leukocyte population?
Which cells are classified as granulocytes in the leukocyte population?
What factor contributes to the stimulation of erythropoiesis during decreased oxygen supply?
What factor contributes to the stimulation of erythropoiesis during decreased oxygen supply?
What is the life span of red blood cells in circulation?
What is the life span of red blood cells in circulation?
What role does Vitamin B12 play in the context of red blood cell maturation?
What role does Vitamin B12 play in the context of red blood cell maturation?
Which white blood cell type is primarily involved in the destruction of parasitic worms?
Which white blood cell type is primarily involved in the destruction of parasitic worms?
What component is essential for hemoglobin synthesis in red blood cells?
What component is essential for hemoglobin synthesis in red blood cells?
What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?
What percentage of leukocytes are neutrophils?
What is the primary role of the lymphocytes in the immune response?
What is the primary role of the lymphocytes in the immune response?
Which blood group system includes antigens A and B?
Which blood group system includes antigens A and B?
What condition results from a decrease of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration?
What condition results from a decrease of red blood cells or hemoglobin concentration?
What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?
What is the primary function of basophils in the immune system?
What is the role of the liver in erythropoiesis?
What is the role of the liver in erythropoiesis?
Flashcards
What is Physiology?
What is Physiology?
The study of the normal functions of a living organism.
What is a cell?
What is a cell?
The smallest unit of living matter capable of functioning independently.
What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
What is intracellular fluid (ICF)?
The liquid inside cells
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
What is extracellular fluid (ECF)?
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What is interstitial fluid (ISF)?
What is interstitial fluid (ISF)?
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What is plasma?
What is plasma?
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What is Homeostasis?
What is Homeostasis?
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What are factors that need to be homeostatically maintained?
What are factors that need to be homeostatically maintained?
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Adrenergic Receptors
Adrenergic Receptors
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Muscarinic Receptors
Muscarinic Receptors
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Nicotinic Receptors
Nicotinic Receptors
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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
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Acetylcholine (Ach)
Acetylcholine (Ach)
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Nervous System
Nervous System
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Somatic Nervous System
Somatic Nervous System
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Autonomic Nervous System
Autonomic Nervous System
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Neuron
Neuron
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Sympathetic Nervous System
Sympathetic Nervous System
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Parasympathetic Nervous System
Parasympathetic Nervous System
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Cardiopulmonary Branch
Cardiopulmonary Branch
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Splanchnic Nerve
Splanchnic Nerve
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Nerve to Pelvis
Nerve to Pelvis
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Thoracolumbar Origin
Thoracolumbar Origin
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Craniosacral Origin
Craniosacral Origin
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Pupil Dilation
Pupil Dilation
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Pupil Constriction
Pupil Constriction
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Increased Heart Rate
Increased Heart Rate
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Decreased Heart Rate
Decreased Heart Rate
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What are autonomic ganglia?
What are autonomic ganglia?
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What are lateral ganglia (paravertebral)?
What are lateral ganglia (paravertebral)?
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What are collateral ganglia?
What are collateral ganglia?
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What are terminal ganglia?
What are terminal ganglia?
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What are the functions of autonomic ganglia?
What are the functions of autonomic ganglia?
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What is chemical transmission at autonomic junctions?
What is chemical transmission at autonomic junctions?
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What is the cholinergic system?
What is the cholinergic system?
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What is the noradrenergic system?
What is the noradrenergic system?
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Where is acetylcholine released?
Where is acetylcholine released?
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Where is noradrenaline (norepinephrine) released?
Where is noradrenaline (norepinephrine) released?
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Plasma
Plasma
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Erythropoiesis
Erythropoiesis
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Hematocrit
Hematocrit
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Leucopoiesis
Leucopoiesis
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Thrombopoiesis
Thrombopoiesis
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Erythropoietin
Erythropoietin
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Miosis
Miosis
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Vasodilation (VD)
Vasodilation (VD)
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Vasoconstriction (VC)
Vasoconstriction (VC)
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Glycogenolysis
Glycogenolysis
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Lipolysis
Lipolysis
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Inotropic effect
Inotropic effect
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Chronotropic effect
Chronotropic effect
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Dromotropic effect
Dromotropic effect
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What is Albumin?
What is Albumin?
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What are Globulins?
What are Globulins?
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What is Fibrinogen?
What is Fibrinogen?
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What is Prothrombin?
What is Prothrombin?
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What is Serum?
What is Serum?
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What are Granulocytes?
What are Granulocytes?
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What are Agranulocytes?
What are Agranulocytes?
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What are Neutrophils?
What are Neutrophils?
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What are Eosinophils?
What are Eosinophils?
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What are Basophils?
What are Basophils?
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What are Lymphocytes?
What are Lymphocytes?
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What are Monocytes?
What are Monocytes?
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What are Erythrocytes?
What are Erythrocytes?
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What is Hemoglobin?
What is Hemoglobin?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Physiology: Total Body Water & Homeostasis
- Physiology is the study of normal body functions, specifically the normal functions of a living organism.
- The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of living matter.
- In an adult male (70 kg):
- 18% of body weight is protein
- 15% of body weight is fat
- 7% of body weight is minerals
- 60% of body weight is water
Factors Affecting Total Body Water
- Physiological factors:
- Fat: Water content decreases with obesity.
- Sex: Females have lower water content than males.
- Age: Total body water decreases with age.
Distribution of Body Water
- Intracellular fluid (ICF): 2/3 of total body water; inside cells.
- Extracellular fluid (ECF): 1/3 of total body water; outside cells.
- Interstitial Fluid (ISF): 3/4 of ECF
- Plasma: 1/4 of ECF
Composition of Body Fluids
- ICF and ECF differ significantly in composition.
- ECF: High Na⁺, low K⁺; main cation is Na⁺, High Cl⁻, low phosphates & proteins; main anion is Cl⁻.
- ICF: High K⁺, low Na⁺; main cation is K⁺, High phosphates & proteins, low Cl⁻; main anions are phosphates & proteins
Water Balance
- Water gain: Drinking, food, metabolism.
- Water loss: Urine, respiration, skin, stool.
- Balanced state: Water gain = water loss.
- Dehydration: Water loss > water gain.
- Overhydration: Water gain > water loss.
Homeostasis
- Homeostasis is the maintenance of constant conditions in the internal environment (ECF).
- This constancy is crucial for normal cell function.
Advantages of Homeostasis
- Increased survival chances.
- Ability to live in diverse environments.
- Proper brain function.
Factors Maintained Through Homeostasis
- pH: 7.4
- Blood volume: 5 liters
- Blood pressure: 120/80 mmHg
- Temperature: 37°C
Body Systems and Homeostasis
- Circulatory system: Keeps blood moving.
- Respiratory system: Oxygen uptake/CO₂ release.
- Musculoskeletal system: Movement and protection.
- Nervous system: Control of movement.
- Endocrine system: Hormonal regulation.
- Digestive system: Nutrient absorption.
- Kidneys/Urinary system: Waste removal/water balance.
- Immune system: Defense from foreign substances.
- Skin: Outer protection
- Reproductive: Offspring production.
Autonomic Nervous System 1
- The nervous system is the master control and communication system of the body, transmitting impulses to every organ.
- The peripheral nervous system has somatic and autonomic divisions.
- Somatic: effector organ = skeletal muscle.
- Autonomic: effector organ = cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands.
Autonomic NS 1 (cont.)
- Autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulates visceral functions. It is the involuntary nervous system.
- Divisions of ANS: sympathetic and parasympathetic.
- Sympathetic (thoracolumbar): Originates from the thoracic and lumbar regions of the spinal cord.
- Parasympathetic (craniosacral): Originates from the cranial nerves (III, VII, IX, X) and sacral regions of the spinal cord.
Autonomic NS 1: Sympathetic Functions
- Cervical division:
- Eye: pupil dilation, eyelid widening, distant vision
- Salivary glands: viscous saliva secretion
- Skin: Vasoconstriction, sweat secretion, hair erection
- Cardiopulmonary division:
- Heart: increased rate, contractility, conductivity and excitability
- Splanchnic division:
- Stomach/intestines: decreased motility, secretion and food retention
- Liver: glycogenolysis, lipolysis
- Pelvic division:
- Bladder: urine retention
- Rectum: feces retention
Autonomic NS 1: Parasympathetic Functions
- Cranial outflow:
- Oculomotor (III): pupil constriction, near vision
- Facial (VII): watery saliva secretion
- Glossopharyngeal (IX): saliva, posterior tongue glands
- Vagus (X): heart rate decrease, decreased contractility, bronchoconstriction, digestive tract activity
- Sacral outflow:
- Bladder: urination
- Rectum: defecation
Blood Physiology
- Blood is a liquid connective tissue, comprising plasma (55%) and blood cells (45%)—red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), and platelets.
- Average blood volume in a 70 kg male is 5-6 liters.
- Hematocrit (PCV) is the percentage of RBCs in the total blood volume.
Blood Functions
- Transport: Gases, nutrients, hormones, waste products.
- Regulation: Acid-base balance, blood pressure.
- Defense: Against infection (WBCs, immune system).
- Hemostasis: Stopping bleeding (platelets and clotting factors).
Blood Plasma
- Plasma is 90% water, with proteins (albumin, globulins, fibrinogen, prothrombin), inorganic substances, and blood gases.
- Plasma minus clotting factors is serum.
- Albumin: Maintains osmotic pressure, transports smaller molecules.
- Globulins: Transport hormones/fat-soluble vitamins, antibodies.
- Fibrinogen: Forms blood clots.
- Prothrombin: Blood clotting.
White Blood Cells (Leukocytes)
- Granulocytes: Contain granules; neutrophils (bacteria phagocytosis), eosinophils (parasites), basophils (inflammation mediators).
- Agranulocytes: Lack granules; lymphocytes (immunity), monocytes (phagocytosis, macrophages).
- Chemotheraphy effects Leukopenia, as it kills fast-growing cells, including many WBCs and other cells.
Red Blood Cells (Erythrocytes)
- Biconcave disc shape for gas exchange, flexible for capillary passage.
- Packed with hemoglobin (Hb) for oxygen/carbon dioxide transport.
- No nucleus or mitochondria.
- Hemoglobin: Consists of four protein chains (globins) and four heme groups. Heme: nonprotein group that binds oxygen.
- Functions: Carry hemoglobin, transport oxygen, transport carbon dioxide, buffers pH
- Counts: Males (4.8-5.8 million/mm³), Females (4.2-5.2 million/mm³)
- Lifespan: 120 days
- Erythropoiesis: RBC production.
- Sites in utero: Liver, spleen
- Sites after birth:
- Infants/children: Red bone marrow of axial and appendicular skeleton
- Adults: Red bone marrow of axial skeleton primarily
Erythropoiesis Regulation
- Hypoxia: Low oxygen supply stimulates erythropoiesis by triggering erythropoietin (EPO) hormone release from kidneys primarily and from liver .
- Role of nutrients: Cobalamin (Vit B12), folic acid, vitamin B6, amino acids, vitamin C, and iron are crucial for Hb synthesis and RBC maturation.
Blood Groups
- ABO system: A, B, AB, and O blood groups. Based on the presence/absence of A and B antigens on RBC surfaces and corresponding antibodies in the plasma (α vs β).
- Rh system: Rh+ve (presence of D antigen) and Rh-ve (absence).
- Rh incompatibility (in pregnancy): Maternal Rh− blood interacting with fetal Rh+ blood can cause complications in subsequent pregnancies.
Hemostasis
- Hemostasis is the process of stopping bleeding, keeping blood in damaged vessels.
- Stages:
- Vascular spasm: Damaged blood vessels constrict.
- Platelet plug formation: Platelets adhere to collagen, release chemicals to attract more platelets.
- Coagulation: Complex cascade forming a fibrin mesh.
- Fibrinolysis: Breakdown of clot to prevent blockages (by enzymes like plasmin).
- Anticoagulants: Prevent clots within blood vessels.
Autonomic Nervous System 2
- Autonomic Ganglia: Collections of neurons outside CNS, relaying preganglionic neurons to postganglionic neurons.
- Types:
- Lateral (paravertebral): Sympathetic only
- Collateral: Sympathetic and parasympathetic, primarily sympathetic
- Terminal: Parasympathetic only
- Types:
- Chemical Transmission in ANS: Neurotransmitters (ACh and norepinephrine) mediate transmission between neurons and effector organs.
- Chemical Divisions:
- Cholinergic systems: ACh release (preganglionic, some postganglionic)
- Noradrenergic systems: Norepinephrine release (most postganglionic sympathetic)
- Types of receptors:
- ACh (cholinergic): Nicotinic (ganglia) and muscarinic (most parasympathetic)
- Norepinephrine (noradrenaline): Alpha and beta adrenergic (most sympathetic)
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of physiology with a focus on total body water and homeostasis. This quiz covers the distribution of body fluids, factors affecting total body water, and the composition differences between intracellular and extracellular fluids. Test your knowledge on how these elements work together to maintain normal body functions.
