Introduction to Philosophy

• Philosophy is a set of theoretical and practical ideas that seek to interpret and transform reality, including thought, society, and nature.
• Karl Jaspers argued philosophy originates in significant moments of life, like death, crises, and injustices, referring to existential limit situations.
• Philosophical attitude: The superior human disposition to accept or value knowledge, stemming from the natural human inclination to understand reality.
• Anaximander proposed that all things came from an eternal, indeterminate, and infinite substance, "apeiron," which could transform into any object in the Cosmos.
• For Pythagoras, leaders should undergo theoretical and mystical purification.
• All options were general characteristics of the Sophists EXCEPT preference for ontology.
• Protagoras expressed relativism by saying "Man is the measure of all things," suggesting universal truth is unattainable.
• Aristotle: Monarchy perverted becomes tyranny, and aristocracy becomes oligarchy.
• Plato believed in a perfect, ideal world, while Aristotle only recognized this natural world.
• Hedonism, created by Epicurus, considers pleasure the highest good.
• Epicurus saw philosophy as a practical remedy that helps overcome the fear of gods and death.
• Christianity suggests that after this life, souls of righteous people enjoy eternal happiness, aligning with Plato's idea of the soul's immortality.
• An alternative Christian view to Catholicism, Manichaeism combines Christian and Zoroastrian ideas, proposing the principles of light and darkness, good and evil.
• Influenced by Neoplatonism, early Christian trends associate Jesus of Nazareth with the Logos.
• Thomas Aquinas believed reason is a natural human faculty but needs to be integrated with religion.
• Mysticism was a way in which the scholastic European expression had strong platonic-augustinian influences.
• The statement "there is nothing in the intellect that has not first passed through the senses" validates empiricism.
• Rene Descartes is considered the "father of modern philosophy" because he initiated a dividing line between medieval and modern thought.
• Schelling's objective idealism suggests nature manifests the divine.
• Hegel argued that the world's process is necessary, implying everything real is rational.
• Skeptics suspend judgment regarding the existence of God.
• Relativism acknowledges perspectives depend on who expresses them.
• Choosing to marry involves using one's moral conscience.
• Conscience is the faculty to discern between good and evil.
• Leopoldo Zea debated Latin American philosophy using materialistic dialectics.
• The main characteristic of the illustrated philosophy in Peru was to highlight the ideals of the Encyclopedia in the political and cultural fields.
• Augusto Salazar Bondy stated that Peruvian philosophy is inauthentic and imitative.
• Mariátegui emphasized understanding the economic and social reality to comprehend the national reality.
• Juan Pablo Vizcardo y Guzmán criticized the viceroyalty's political system, advocating for American Creoles to take political and economic power.
• Bartolomé Herrera proposed a providentialist history of Peru.
• Being critical is not a characteristic of ordinary knowledge.
• We commonly accept clear and distinct ideas based on the criterion of evidence.
• The distinction between "a priori" and "a posteriori" knowledge is based on how knowledge is verified or proven.
• The previous statement is the gnoseological proposal of Pyrrho of Elis to suspend judgment.
• Dogmatism claims that the subject apprehends the properties of objects absolutely, once and for all.

Universal history

• The Neolithic period saw the emergence of agriculture and sedentary settlements.
• Homo Sapiens sapiens belongs to the Upper Paleolithic period.
• Herodotus said Egypt was a gift of the Nile because its annual floods fertilized its lands.
• Pedro Cabello de Balboa possibly collected the legend of Tacaynamo.
• After his imprisonment on the island of Elba, Napoleon achieved his freedom to dismiss Luis the 18th.
• Napoleon Bonaparte was called the Great Carse.
• Napoleon's greatest creation is considered to be the Napoleonic Civil Code.
• During the French Revolution, the Jacobins faction were of a republican nature.
• An agreement that was NOT of the Congress of Vienna of 1814-15 was the creation of a single German state.
• The cinematograph was invented by the Lumière brothers.
• Stephenson invented the locomotive.
• Mao Tse-Tung allied with nationalists to fight victoriously and established the People's Republic.
• After being defeated by the Maoist, Chiang Kai-Shek and his supporters sought refuge in Taiwan.
• India was the first independent colony after WWII.
• Erwin Rommel's nickname was the Desert Fox.
• Taylor and Fayol proposed scientific labor organization.
• English parliament approved laws encouraging the concentration of property to stimulate investment.
• The Neolithic Revolution is characterized by the domestication of plants and animals.
• The architecture in Chaldea and Assyria differed from Egyptians in the use of brick.
• Tyre was the center of Phoenician culture that controlled Mediterranean trade until the 3rd century BC.
• Athens was the artistic capital of Greece.
• Genoa, Milan, Venice and Florence were the most important European cities: trade, cultural and politics cities of the XV century.
• The XVI century in Europe was characterized by economic expansion, religious crisis, the rise of capitalism, and the inquisition.
• During the Thirty Years' War, France aimed to consolidate its political dominance in Europe.
• The politic-ideological cause that led to the development of the Protestant Reformation centers on the concentration of temporal and spiritula power within the Church.
• The bourgeois revolutions abolished the Old Regime, politically signifying the control of the State by the bourgeois class.
• Citizenship meant that the French Revolution was universal and egalitarian.
• The First Industrial Revolution was underpinned by liberal economic doctrine.
• By using the Act of Navigation, Cromwell provoked a series of wars with Holland.
• Totalitarian movements like fascism and Nazism were funded by the bourgeoisie to prevent the spread of socialist revolution.
• The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact was signed by Germany and the USSR before the WWII.
• COMECON was the Soviet economic bloc that promoted economic integration.
• During the Six Day War, Israel annexed the Sinai Peninsula.
• The Likud members have the conservative and fascist political position.

Civics

• Personal identity is constructed throughout one's lifetime.
• Having a healthy life involves balancing physical, mental, and emotional health, as well as constantly finding healthy habits.
• Peer pressure may contribute to adolescent addictions.
• Substance addiction involves ingesting substances like alcohol, cocaine, and heroin.
• Empathetic awareness is key to emotional intelligence because it facilitates effective communication and interpersonal relations.
• Gender in its socio-cultural context refers to the collectively held roles, behaviors, and expectations assigned to men and women in any society.
• Gender roles are determined through cultural and social norms.
• Types of kinship are blood relation, affinity, and adoption.
• The children and adolescent code are meant to emphasize the important bond parents and children share.
• A families relation is the daughter of the daughter of the sister of the mother of my wife's mother = my cousin.
• Kinship is the bond that unites family members.
• A mayor is a leader of a local government.
• The civil population has the right to exercise their freedom when the one that governs isn't picked with the democratic process, restoring the constitutional order.
• The constitutional body which protects the fundamental rights is the "la Defensoría del Pueblo"
• The institutional organization to guarantee use of public incomes is "la Contraloría General (del Estado)".
• The ONPE function is that electoral organization process.
• Democratic coexistence means living with those who think differently, respecting the rights of others.
• Conciliation is a way to solve conflicts in which someone form outside proposes options to come to a resolution.
• If to solve conflicts someone participates but only to guide the agreement, without suggesting solutions is called mediation.
• In intestate succession, the property of the deceased is distributed according to law, in the absence of a will.
• According to the Peruvian Civil Code, if a person dies without a will, their assets are distributed among the heirs according to the order of succession established by law.
• A valid type of testament in most legal systems is a holographic will, written by hand by the testator.
• On territory: the dominion of the state comprehends maritime, insular, continental parts and aerial.
• The correct sentences are: The sea at adjoins costs to the twelve milles, the insular zone is part of the national territory and also the lacustre.
• Its first name was the Ministry in public instruction, Beneficence in ecclesiastical negotiations, created on February 4, 1837 in the Grand Marshal Andrés de Santa Cruz's Government. We are referring to the Ministry in education.
• An autonomous constitutional organization is the one that charges to control public resources and goods is the "la Contraloría General de la República"
• Juriduc norm is "el Estado".
• Juridic norm level one is: las leyes, los tratados y otras normas de igual rango.
• Ethics: A philosophical discipline that studies morality and human behavior.
• The fundamental principle that Kahn establishes in the moral theory says: Moral behavior relies on obligations that require a determined act.
• Haylli, canto de victoria.
• Triple S is a characteristic that corresponds with Arquitecture.
• Huiracocha, first dynasty of Inca.

History of Peru

• Characteristics of the mandatory work during incanato: Mandatory, equitative and alternability.
• The first parade of Colón after leaving palos and before arriving at Huanahani: The Canaries islands.
• Before going on the trip, the three partners of the tahuantinsuyo agreement, formalized the Panama agreement.
• Colon's third trip departed from San Lucar de Barrameda and he got to the Orinoco river.
• In virreinal society, being cast out meant being a detriment to the Peninsula's society.
• Francisco de Toledo was the first and last vice-roy.
• The means of expression for ideas in the Colonial was "el Mercurio Peruano".
• "Criollo Chachapoyano introduced" that was revolutionary for "San Carlos", giving illustrations ideas: Toribio Rodriguez de Mendoza.
• At Pardo and Berreda first Gov in 1905 was the educ primary that was oblig and gratuitus.
• Political party by extremists; Manuel Gonzales prada "partido democratico".
• Political and military section that decides to keep power(1863 y 1879)
• The international delimitation between Peru and Bolivia. Eduardo Lopez. Agusto B. Leguia.
• In to 1493 el Pope declared for demarcations Spain and Portuguese that would make it easier "El tratado de Tordesillas en 1494: Alejandro VI
• The ethnic allies to Spaniard was ethnias:Chachapoyas. They would like to go with Spaniards.
• Because trade was over with the Orient, new owners were portugese.
• Cristobal Colon was arrested and jailed in Spain accussed of not complying to the terms of the St.Fe convention.
• The City with Santo Domingo representations was, in the first half the 14th, "the first cathedral of America.
• Political left-wing party, founded by Manuel Gonzales Prada in 1891: The Democratics parties.
• Social sector that decided to take power: The plutocracy.
• The global demarcation of the border line between Peru and Bolivia was carried out during the governments of: Edurado López.
• In 1492 , the Pope promulgated a bill with which that established the trademark lines between Spain and Portugal what would give foot to the signature of the treated one that is broken in 1494: Alexander VI.
• Being due at the fact that the Spaniards reached lands of the tawantinsuyo ethnicities as the Yungas, the chachapoyas, the Huancas, etc.. it joined its rows to that: That they saw in them its liberators of the yoke Inca.
• At having itself closed the trade between east and west, the new owners of the commercial routes with the east were: The Portuguese.
• Cristobal Colon you/he/she is apprehended and jailed in Spain blaming it of several crime, among them: Not to complete com them terms of the capitulation of Santa Faith

Geography

• The dispute of the position of it Cusco I bring as consequence: The war civil between the conquerors.
• Point to take in a quantity of steam of water there is no more space in a aerea place. point in its liquid: The saturation point.
• Current geography: The Positivism.
• Nuclear geography is Lima and Cusco.
• The gradient is equal to each depth gradient.
• Draw the first maps and isoline Ratzel.
• Astro that is rotating like planets: Satelites.
• Distances from cloud surface, Tornado surface.
• Correct the species with a name that is like animals: heliciculture- Lomba of land.
• Close problems : The area "Vrae"
• The rate for the population. the rate of growth.
• The biggest continent: Asia.
• When fishing occurs on the marine: It is industry.
• The hidro animal in the rivers and deep areas: Carachi.
• The base station in Machu Picchu, member country of Peru.
• The area in the planet in radiant point: the radiation.
• Planet's with: Black is hole planets

More geography

• Sea water of up to 20 feet high. "Sea of tides ".
• The seat of the ASEAN. Yakarta
• Essential of the state. Gain common wellnesses.
• No tropics line America. "Pedro-Peruvian"