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Questions and Answers
Pharmacogenomics utilizes environmental factors to determine drug therapy.
Pharmacogenomics utilizes environmental factors to determine drug therapy.
False
Chemotherapy is exclusively used for treating infections caused by microorganisms.
Chemotherapy is exclusively used for treating infections caused by microorganisms.
False
Behavioral pharmacology examines the effects of drugs on both mood and behavior.
Behavioral pharmacology examines the effects of drugs on both mood and behavior.
True
Clinical pharmacology involves the study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in animal subjects only.
Clinical pharmacology involves the study of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in animal subjects only.
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Neuropharmacology focuses on drugs that impact the functions of the muscular system.
Neuropharmacology focuses on drugs that impact the functions of the muscular system.
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Endocrine pharmacology specifically examines drugs that act as hormones or modify hormone actions.
Endocrine pharmacology specifically examines drugs that act as hormones or modify hormone actions.
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Cardiovascular pharmacology is concerned with drugs affecting the brain and spinal cord primarily.
Cardiovascular pharmacology is concerned with drugs affecting the brain and spinal cord primarily.
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Systems and Integrative Pharmacology studies drug actions in isolated tissues.
Systems and Integrative Pharmacology studies drug actions in isolated tissues.
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Adverse effects of a drug can be predicted and increase with dose.
Adverse effects of a drug can be predicted and increase with dose.
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Idiosyncrasy refers to a normal reaction to drugs that all patients can expect.
Idiosyncrasy refers to a normal reaction to drugs that all patients can expect.
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Tolerance is a state where larger doses of a drug produce no detectable effect.
Tolerance is a state where larger doses of a drug produce no detectable effect.
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Hypersensitivity requires previous exposure and sensitization to the drug before an adverse reaction can occur.
Hypersensitivity requires previous exposure and sensitization to the drug before an adverse reaction can occur.
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Combined drug effects can be classified as synergism, antagonism, or indifference.
Combined drug effects can be classified as synergism, antagonism, or indifference.
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An example of a synergistic effect is when one drug enhances the effect of another drug that is inactive when given alone.
An example of a synergistic effect is when one drug enhances the effect of another drug that is inactive when given alone.
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Overdosage or toxicity of a drug manifests as a reduced form of the pharmacological action.
Overdosage or toxicity of a drug manifests as a reduced form of the pharmacological action.
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Cholinergic agents are safe to give to patients with asthma, as they do not affect bronchial constriction.
Cholinergic agents are safe to give to patients with asthma, as they do not affect bronchial constriction.
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The combination of aspirin and paracetamol serves as an analgesic and antipyretic.
The combination of aspirin and paracetamol serves as an analgesic and antipyretic.
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Pharmacodynamics primarily studies what the body does to the drug.
Pharmacodynamics primarily studies what the body does to the drug.
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Toxicology involves the study of beneficial effects of drugs on living systems.
Toxicology involves the study of beneficial effects of drugs on living systems.
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Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
Pharmacokinetics includes absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion of drugs.
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Potentiation occurs when the combined effect of drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects.
Potentiation occurs when the combined effect of drugs is less than the sum of their individual effects.
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Pharmacogenetics focuses on how drug effects vary due to genetic differences in individuals.
Pharmacogenetics focuses on how drug effects vary due to genetic differences in individuals.
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Dosage regimens are determined solely by pharmacodynamics without considering pharmacokinetics.
Dosage regimens are determined solely by pharmacodynamics without considering pharmacokinetics.
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Sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine are examples of compounds used as analgesics.
Sulfadiazine, sulfamerazine, and sulfamethazine are examples of compounds used as analgesics.
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pharmacology
- Pharmacology is the science of drugs.
- It examines how chemical agents, including drugs, hormones, neurotransmitters, and toxins, affect living processes.
- Pharmacology also studies how drugs interact with biological systems to change function.
- It encompasses the study of drug origin, physical and chemical properties, mechanisms of action, effects, and uses.
What is a Drug?
- A drug is any substance or product intended to alter or explore physiological or pathological states for the recipient's benefit.
- Drugs are used for diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of diseases.
- A drug is any chemical or biological substance, synthetic or not, that, when introduced into an organism's body, alters its functions.
- Drugs are distinguished from endogenous biochemicals by being introduced from outside the organism. Insulin, for example, is a hormone when produced within the body, but a drug when administered externally.
Drug vs. Medicine
- A drug is any substance designed to create a specific reaction in the body.
- A medicine is any substance designed to prevent or treat diseases.
- Drugs can have positive or negative effects, while medicines' effects are always beneficial.
- Some drugs are addictive, while medicines are not.
Sources of Drugs
- Drugs can originate from animals (oil, steroids, hormones like thyroxine and insulin)
- Minerals (inorganic sources like magnesium trisilicate, MgSO4, CaCO3)
- Plants (alkaloids, glycosides, tannins, anthraquinones like yohimbine, atropine, vincristine)
Drug Nomenclature
- There are four types of drug names:
- Chemical name: describes the chemical structure (e.g., propan-2-ol). It's often complex and hard to use.
- Code name: used during early research to hide the drug (e.g., R015-1788/Flumazenil).
- Generic name: accepted by a scientific body like USAN (United States Adopted Name Council). It's also called the non-proprietary name.
- Proprietary name: assigned by the manufacturer (e.g., ciprotab, spardium, sparflux). It's also called the brand name.
Effects of Drug Actions
- Adverse effects: Unwanted effects that can occur at therapeutic doses. They may be predictable or unpredictable, and their frequency often increases with dosage.
- Idiosyncrasy: Genetically based abnormal reactions to drugs.
- Overdosage/Toxicity: Excessive drug intake. This may stem from a single high dose, or repeated moderate doses. Examples of drug toxicity include hemorrhage from anticoagulant overdose.
- Hypersensitivity/Allergy: Reactions based on previous exposure involving an antigen-antibody reaction.
- Tolerance: decreased responsiveness to a drug. It might be acute (short-lasting) or chronic (long-lasting).
Combined Effect of Drugs
- Antagonism: Drugs that counteract each other's effects.
- Synergism: The combined effect is greater than the sum of individual effects.
- Additivity: The combined effect is equivalent to the sum of individual effects.
- Potentiation: One drug strengthens the effect of a second drug.
Pharmacology Sub-divisions/Branches
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Pharmacokinetics: How the body handles drugs—absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion.
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Pharmacodynamics: How drugs affect the body—mechanism of action, drug–receptor interactions, dose–response relationships.
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Toxicology: Study of harmful effects of chemicals on living systems.
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Pharmacotherapeutics: Study of using drugs in treatment of disease (clinical management of diseases).
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Pharmacogenetics: Variations in drug response due to genetics.
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Pharmacoepidemiology: Effects of drugs on populations.
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Pharmacogenomics: Use of genetic information to guide drug choices.
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Chemotherapy: Treatment using drugs to fight microorganisms.
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Behavioral pharmacology: Studies of drugs' effects on behavior.
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Biochemical and Cellular pharmacology: The mechanisms of action of drugs at a cellular level.
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Clinical pharmacology: the study of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics in humans.
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Psychopharmacology: The effects of drugs on mood, behavior and other responses
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Veterinary pharmacology: The use of drugs in animals
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Molecular pharmacology: the biophysical and biochemical interactions of drug molecules with cells.
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Systems Pharmacology: Drug effects and toxicity in whole organisms.
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Neuropharmacology: The nervous system's responses to drugs.
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Endocrine Pharmacology: Hormone-related responses to drugs.
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Cardiovascular pharmacology: Study on the heart, vascular system and endocrine systems that regulate cardiovascular function.
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Relationships among various subdisciplines are complex; The field continues to advance*
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Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of pharmacology, including the definition of drugs, their pharmacological effects, and the distinctions between drugs and medicines. Understand how chemical agents impact living processes and the role of drugs in diagnosis and treatment. Test your knowledge of the essential concepts in this critical field of study.
