Pharmacognosy Basics Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What substance is formed when sugar is mixed with lime during the fermentation process?

  • Invert sugar
  • Molasses
  • Coagulum (correct)
  • Lactulose

Which of the following is a trisaccharide mentioned in the content?

  • Stachyose
  • Raffinose (correct)
  • Galactose
  • Maltotriose

What happens to the color of a dark substance when treated with sulfur dioxide?

  • Turns brown
  • Turns green
  • Changes to clear (correct)
  • Remains dark

What is the primary function of lactulose as described in the content?

<p>Laxative (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which oligosaccharide is sourced from the cotton plant?

<p>Cellulose (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main method used to extract virgin olive oil?

<p>Cold press using gentle pressure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which vitamin is peanut oil a source of?

<p>Thiamine (Vitamin B1) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oils is associated with management of rickets?

<p>Cod liver oil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a disadvantage of using lanolin in ointments?

<p>It is expensive to produce. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about spermaceti?

<p>It is derived from sperm whales. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary constituent of beeswax?

<p>Myricyl palmitate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following oils is known for its high euricic acid content?

<p>Canola oil (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of ambergris in the cosmetic industry?

<p>As a fixative in perfumery (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which wax is obtained from Copernicia prunifera?

<p>Carnauba wax (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the liquid separated from the coagulum known as?

<p>Whey (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of oil is Jojoba oil classified as?

<p>Emollient (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disaccharide is known as 'table sugar'?

<p>Sucrose (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of bond is present in sucrose?

<p>α – 1,2 bond (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a semi-synthetic sugar derived from lactose?

<p>Lactulose (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the uses of lactulose?

<p>Laxative (Osmotic) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main therapeutic use of Valeriana officinale?

<p>Sleep aid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance from Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) is classified as insect anti-feedant?

<p>Azaderactin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary compound in Capsicum frutescens known for its thermogenic effect?

<p>Capsaicin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which plant is associated with the compound zingerone?

<p>Zingiber officinale (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component is a precursor to Vitamin A?

<p>Betacarotene (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of resin is known to soften and melt when heated?

<p>Oleoresin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is often linked to treating acne vulgaris?

<p>Isotretinoin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT classified as a true balsam?

<p>Copaiba (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one characteristic that distinguishes alkaloids?

<p>They contain basic nitrogenous compounds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reagent is associated with testing for alkaloids?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloid is known to have anticholinergic properties?

<p>Hyoscyamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound is used as a drug of abuse and is a CNS stimulant?

<p>Arecoline (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a characteristic solubility property of alkaloidal bases?

<p>They are soluble in organic solvents. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as an alkaloid?

<p>Caffeine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does cocaine affect norepinephrine levels?

<p>It decreases norepinephrine reuptake. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which alkaloid is primarily associated with anti-motion sickness effects?

<p>Scopolamine (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Disaccharides

Carbohydrates formed by the combination of two monosaccharides.

Sucrose

Common table sugar, formed from glucose and fructose.

Lactose

Disaccharide found in milk, formed from glucose and galactose.

Lactose Coagulation

The process of milk proteins clotting to form curds during cheesemaking.

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Whey

Liquid separated from curds during cheesemaking, contains lactose and salts.

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Lactulose

Semi-synthetic disaccharide, a product of lactose rearrangement, used as a laxative.

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α – 1,2 bond

Specific chemical bond linking monomers in sucrose molecules, making it non-reducing.

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β 1,4 bond

Chemical bond linking monomers in Lactulose molecules.

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Olive Oil Types

Olive oil is categorized into Virgin (cold-pressed), Technical (hot-pressed), and Tournant (fermentative). Sulfur olive uses CS2.

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Virgin Olive Oil

Olive oil made using gentle pressure, without heat (cold press).

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Technical Olive Oil

Olive oil produced using heat and sometimes water.

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Lanolin

A waxy substance from sheep's wool, often used as an ointment base.

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Cod Liver Oil

Fish oil rich in Vitamins A and D, used to treat rickets.

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Peanut Oil Source

Extracted from peanuts (Arachis hypogaea).

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Peanut Oil Benefit

A source of Vitamin B1 (thiamine).

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Animal Waxes

High molecular weight alcohols and high molecular weight fatty acids from various animal sources.

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Spermaceti

A wax from sperm whales, used historically in cosmetics and other products.

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Portal systemic encephalitis

A condition linked to high levels of ammonia in the body.

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Invert sugar

Sucrose broken down into glucose and fructose by heating.

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Fermentation

A process where sugars are converted to other substances.

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Coagulum (SCUM)

The solid material formed during a fermentation process.

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Lactulose

A sugar that neutralizes plant acids (laxative).

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Oligosaccharides

Small chains of sugars (3 or more).

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Cellulose

A component of plant cell walls.

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Maltotriose

A trisaccharide with three glucose molecules.

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Raffinose

A trisaccharide with one galactose, one glucose, and one fructose molecule.

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Gentianose

A trisaccharide made of two glucose and one fructose molecules.

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Stachyose

A tetrasaccharide with two galactose, one glucose, and one fructose molecules.

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Molasses

Dark-colored substance produced during sugar processing.

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Fermented Molasses

A fermented product from molasses. (Example: rum).

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Ginseng of Chamomile

A type of chamomile, likely a specific variety or preparation.

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Oleoresins

Substances containing volatile oil and resins.

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Valeriana officinalis

Plant used as a sleep aid.

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Coleus forskohli

Plant containing forskolin, possibly for health benefits.

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Azadirachta indica (Neem tree)

Neem tree containing azaderactin and insect-repelling properties.

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Ginko biloba

Plant associated with cognitive function or dementia (?).

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Tanacetum parthenium

Plant known for feverfew properties.

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Vitamin A

Nutrient with beta-carotene as a precursor and isotretinoin for acne.

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Oleogumresins

Substances containing volatile oil, gum, and resins.

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True Balsam

Specific type of resin with various subtypes.

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Resins

Hard, transparent, translucent substances that soften or melt when heated.

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Capsicum frutescens

Plant containing capsaicin, a thermogenic substance.

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Zingiber officinale

Ginger plant, producing pungency (gingerol)

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Physeter macrocephalus

Scientific name for Sperm Whale

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Cetyl ester wax

Synthetic form of wax

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Euricic acid

Wax component, 0.2-2% in Sperm Whale wax

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Ambergris

Sperm Whale secretion, useful in perfumery

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Beeswax

Wax from honey bees

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Myricyl palmitate

Component of beeswax

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Rapeseed oil/Canola oil

Oil from Brassica campestris

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Soybean oil

Oil from Glycine soja

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Stigmasterol

Sterol found in soybean oil

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Lecithin

Surfactant found in soybean oil

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Sesame oil

Oil from Sesamum indicum

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Myricyl cerotate

Component of Sesame oil

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Jojoba oil

Oil from Simmondsia chinensis

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Carnauba wax

Wax from Copernicia prunifera

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Emollient

Substance that softens the skin

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Enfleurage

Method to extract volatile oils using wax

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Alkaloids

Basic nitrogenous compounds with physiological characteristics

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Natural amides

Organic compounds containing an amide functional group (R-NH2, R2-NH, R3-N).

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Mercuric KI

Chemical reagent used in identifying alkaloids.

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Hyoscyamine and Hyosine

Alkaloid; Scopolamine is a related compound.

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Cocaine

Tertiary amine, lipophilic alkaloid; crosses blood-brain barrier.

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Anticholinergic

Drugs that block acetylcholine receptors.

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Physostigmine

Drug that reverses anticholinergic effects; Organophosphate.

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Scopolamine

Anticholinergic drug; anti-motion sickness; Anticholinergic and antiemetic.

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Coniine, Nicotine, Sparteine

Alkaloids; solid at room temperature. Varied effects.

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Betel nut

Source of arecoline (CNS stimulant); tannin.

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Tobacco

Plant containing nicotine (CNS stimulant); smoking deterrent?

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Study Notes

Pharmacognosy

  • Study of drugs from natural sources
  • Combines knowledge of natural and biological aspects with economic features

Harvesting

  • Crucial to maintain quality and quantity
  • Drying methods help to protect from microbes and enzymatic activity
  • Curing methods are used for specific items to enhance yield or reduce toxicity
  • Garbling is the final step to remove extraneous material

Crude Drugs

  • Natural substances from plants or animals
  • Undergo collection and drying processes

Terms

  • Natural substance: Substances found in nature
  • Extractives/Derivatives: Active ingredients separated from crude drugs

Extraction

  • Marc: Residue left after extraction
  • Menstruum: Solvent used for extraction
  • Fats often extracted using hexane (nonpolar solvent)
  • Resins (hard transparent or translucent structures) are often extracted using alcohol
  • Chlorophyll extraction often uses acetone
  • Chrysarobin (keratolytic agent) extraction uses hot benzene
  • Naturalized plants: Foreign origin
  • Indigenous plants: Native origin

Crude Drug Preparation

  • Collection from source using methods like harvesting, ensuring the true natural source of the drug
  • Processing techniques like drying, curing and garbling are used

Drug Evaluation

  • Organoleptic methods (senses)
  • Macroscopic observation (using the naked eye)
  • Microscopic examination
  • Biological methods, including animal trials to determine drug's pharmacologic profile
  • Chemical testing like Iodine test, Fehling test are useful
  • Quantitative testing, such as titration methods

Carbohydrates

  • Hydrates of carbon
  • Building blocks are monosaccharides; linked together using glycosidic bonds
  • Functional groups are common
  • Several reaction types can be employed
  • Used in many reactions and biological constructions

Monosaccharides

  • Classification based on number of carbons (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose)
  • Aldoses and ketoses are important monosaccharides
  • Tautomerization (isomerization) among aldoses and ketoses is important
  • Important examples like xylose (wood sugar)

Disaccharides

  • Two monosaccharides bonded together
  • Examples include maltose (malt sugar), lactose (milk sugar), sucrose (table sugar)
  • Uses in food; important in metabolism

Oligosaccharides

  • Fewer sugar units bonded together; 3-10 units
  • Often branched structures
  • Examples: maltotriose and stachyose

Polysaccharides

  • Many monosaccharides connected
  • Homoglycans primarily include glucose and are found in many functional food types
  • Heteroglycans are formed of multiple sugars
  • Gums and mucilages, often extracted from plants; useful in food applications, are examples of heteroglycans

SEED GUMS

  • Psyllium Seed (Plantago): Laxative (bulk laxative)
  • Guar Gum: Thickener, gelling agent, emulsifier
  • Locust Bean: Chocolate substitute

Shrub and Tree Exudates

  • Acacia/Gum Arabic: Suspending agent, settling agents
  • Ghatti/Indian Gum: Substitute for acacia
  • Karaya/Sterculia Gum: Bulk laxative, emulsifier, dental adhesive

Microbial Gums

  • Xanthan gum is widely used in various industries and is a stabilized agent

Other important glycosides

  • Dextrose (monohydrate); dextrose is an excipient, which aids adhesion
  • D-Fructose: Also known as levulose
  • Sucrose: Common table sugar, glucose + fructose

Glycosides

  • Glycones (sugar portion) and aglycones (non-sugar portion = genin)
  • Glycosides are important in various biological processes
  • Examples include cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides.

Isothiocyanates

  • Constituents found in Brassica vegetables (mustard, etc)
  • Often used for their beneficial properties, or to enhance flavor profiles
  • Examples of isothiocyanates include sinigrin and sinalbin

Aldehydes

  • Vanilla bean, a common flavoring agent and food additive is commonly derived from vanillin

Phenols

  • Phenol compounds are aromatic organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group that are highly reactive
  • Examples like eugenol (in cloves and some other spices)

Flavonoids

  • Found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs
  • Often known for their antioxidant properties
  • Examples include rutin, quercetin

Tannins

  • Found in many plants
  • Often astringent; useful as a food preservative
  • Common examples include gallic acid and tannic acid

Steroid Nucleus

  • Structure observed in many important organic compounds
  • Important example is cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene

Alkaloids

  • Nitrogen-containing compounds with a variety of applications
  • Used for therapeutic and medicinal purposes
  • Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine

Additional Important Compounds

  • Isoprenoids often are the precursors to the terpenes
  • Terpenoids have many purposes

Other Important Topics

  • Classification of drugs.
  • Uses and functions of drugs in industries.
  • Chemical structure of drugs.
  • Important medicinal uses of drugs.

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Description

Test your knowledge on the study of drugs derived from natural sources with this Pharmacognosy Basics Quiz. Explore key concepts such as harvesting, crude drugs, extraction methods, and the significance of natural substances. Perfect for students and enthusiasts in the field of pharmacognosy.

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