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Questions and Answers
What substance is formed when sugar is mixed with lime during the fermentation process?
What substance is formed when sugar is mixed with lime during the fermentation process?
Which of the following is a trisaccharide mentioned in the content?
Which of the following is a trisaccharide mentioned in the content?
What happens to the color of a dark substance when treated with sulfur dioxide?
What happens to the color of a dark substance when treated with sulfur dioxide?
What is the primary function of lactulose as described in the content?
What is the primary function of lactulose as described in the content?
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Which oligosaccharide is sourced from the cotton plant?
Which oligosaccharide is sourced from the cotton plant?
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What is the main method used to extract virgin olive oil?
What is the main method used to extract virgin olive oil?
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Which vitamin is peanut oil a source of?
Which vitamin is peanut oil a source of?
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Which of the following oils is associated with management of rickets?
Which of the following oils is associated with management of rickets?
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What is a disadvantage of using lanolin in ointments?
What is a disadvantage of using lanolin in ointments?
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Which of the following is true about spermaceti?
Which of the following is true about spermaceti?
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What is the primary constituent of beeswax?
What is the primary constituent of beeswax?
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Which of the following oils is known for its high euricic acid content?
Which of the following oils is known for its high euricic acid content?
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What is the primary use of ambergris in the cosmetic industry?
What is the primary use of ambergris in the cosmetic industry?
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Which wax is obtained from Copernicia prunifera?
Which wax is obtained from Copernicia prunifera?
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What is the liquid separated from the coagulum known as?
What is the liquid separated from the coagulum known as?
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What type of oil is Jojoba oil classified as?
What type of oil is Jojoba oil classified as?
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Which disaccharide is known as 'table sugar'?
Which disaccharide is known as 'table sugar'?
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What type of bond is present in sucrose?
What type of bond is present in sucrose?
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Which of the following is a semi-synthetic sugar derived from lactose?
Which of the following is a semi-synthetic sugar derived from lactose?
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What is one of the uses of lactulose?
What is one of the uses of lactulose?
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What is the main therapeutic use of Valeriana officinale?
What is the main therapeutic use of Valeriana officinale?
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Which substance from Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) is classified as insect anti-feedant?
Which substance from Azadirachta indica (Neem tree) is classified as insect anti-feedant?
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What is the primary compound in Capsicum frutescens known for its thermogenic effect?
What is the primary compound in Capsicum frutescens known for its thermogenic effect?
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Which plant is associated with the compound zingerone?
Which plant is associated with the compound zingerone?
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Which component is a precursor to Vitamin A?
Which component is a precursor to Vitamin A?
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What type of resin is known to soften and melt when heated?
What type of resin is known to soften and melt when heated?
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Which substance is often linked to treating acne vulgaris?
Which substance is often linked to treating acne vulgaris?
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Which of the following is NOT classified as a true balsam?
Which of the following is NOT classified as a true balsam?
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What is one characteristic that distinguishes alkaloids?
What is one characteristic that distinguishes alkaloids?
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Which reagent is associated with testing for alkaloids?
Which reagent is associated with testing for alkaloids?
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Which alkaloid is known to have anticholinergic properties?
Which alkaloid is known to have anticholinergic properties?
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Which compound is used as a drug of abuse and is a CNS stimulant?
Which compound is used as a drug of abuse and is a CNS stimulant?
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What is a characteristic solubility property of alkaloidal bases?
What is a characteristic solubility property of alkaloidal bases?
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Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as an alkaloid?
Which of the following substances is NOT mentioned as an alkaloid?
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How does cocaine affect norepinephrine levels?
How does cocaine affect norepinephrine levels?
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Which alkaloid is primarily associated with anti-motion sickness effects?
Which alkaloid is primarily associated with anti-motion sickness effects?
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Study Notes
Pharmacognosy
- Study of drugs from natural sources
- Combines knowledge of natural and biological aspects with economic features
Harvesting
- Crucial to maintain quality and quantity
- Drying methods help to protect from microbes and enzymatic activity
- Curing methods are used for specific items to enhance yield or reduce toxicity
- Garbling is the final step to remove extraneous material
Crude Drugs
- Natural substances from plants or animals
- Undergo collection and drying processes
Terms
- Natural substance: Substances found in nature
- Extractives/Derivatives: Active ingredients separated from crude drugs
Extraction
- Marc: Residue left after extraction
- Menstruum: Solvent used for extraction
- Fats often extracted using hexane (nonpolar solvent)
- Resins (hard transparent or translucent structures) are often extracted using alcohol
- Chlorophyll extraction often uses acetone
- Chrysarobin (keratolytic agent) extraction uses hot benzene
- Naturalized plants: Foreign origin
- Indigenous plants: Native origin
Crude Drug Preparation
- Collection from source using methods like harvesting, ensuring the true natural source of the drug
- Processing techniques like drying, curing and garbling are used
Drug Evaluation
- Organoleptic methods (senses)
- Macroscopic observation (using the naked eye)
- Microscopic examination
- Biological methods, including animal trials to determine drug's pharmacologic profile
- Chemical testing like Iodine test, Fehling test are useful
- Quantitative testing, such as titration methods
Carbohydrates
- Hydrates of carbon
- Building blocks are monosaccharides; linked together using glycosidic bonds
- Functional groups are common
- Several reaction types can be employed
- Used in many reactions and biological constructions
Monosaccharides
- Classification based on number of carbons (triose, tetrose, pentose, hexose)
- Aldoses and ketoses are important monosaccharides
- Tautomerization (isomerization) among aldoses and ketoses is important
- Important examples like xylose (wood sugar)
Disaccharides
- Two monosaccharides bonded together
- Examples include maltose (malt sugar), lactose (milk sugar), sucrose (table sugar)
- Uses in food; important in metabolism
Oligosaccharides
- Fewer sugar units bonded together; 3-10 units
- Often branched structures
- Examples: maltotriose and stachyose
Polysaccharides
- Many monosaccharides connected
- Homoglycans primarily include glucose and are found in many functional food types
- Heteroglycans are formed of multiple sugars
- Gums and mucilages, often extracted from plants; useful in food applications, are examples of heteroglycans
SEED GUMS
- Psyllium Seed (Plantago): Laxative (bulk laxative)
- Guar Gum: Thickener, gelling agent, emulsifier
- Locust Bean: Chocolate substitute
Shrub and Tree Exudates
- Acacia/Gum Arabic: Suspending agent, settling agents
- Ghatti/Indian Gum: Substitute for acacia
- Karaya/Sterculia Gum: Bulk laxative, emulsifier, dental adhesive
Microbial Gums
- Xanthan gum is widely used in various industries and is a stabilized agent
Other important glycosides
- Dextrose (monohydrate); dextrose is an excipient, which aids adhesion
- D-Fructose: Also known as levulose
- Sucrose: Common table sugar, glucose + fructose
Glycosides
- Glycones (sugar portion) and aglycones (non-sugar portion = genin)
- Glycosides are important in various biological processes
- Examples include cardiac glycosides, anthraquinone glycosides.
Isothiocyanates
- Constituents found in Brassica vegetables (mustard, etc)
- Often used for their beneficial properties, or to enhance flavor profiles
- Examples of isothiocyanates include sinigrin and sinalbin
Aldehydes
- Vanilla bean, a common flavoring agent and food additive is commonly derived from vanillin
Phenols
- Phenol compounds are aromatic organic compounds containing a hydroxyl group that are highly reactive
- Examples like eugenol (in cloves and some other spices)
Flavonoids
- Found in many fruits, vegetables, and herbs
- Often known for their antioxidant properties
- Examples include rutin, quercetin
Tannins
- Found in many plants
- Often astringent; useful as a food preservative
- Common examples include gallic acid and tannic acid
Steroid Nucleus
- Structure observed in many important organic compounds
- Important example is cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene
Alkaloids
- Nitrogen-containing compounds with a variety of applications
- Used for therapeutic and medicinal purposes
- Examples of alkaloids include morphine, quinine
Additional Important Compounds
- Isoprenoids often are the precursors to the terpenes
- Terpenoids have many purposes
Other Important Topics
- Classification of drugs.
- Uses and functions of drugs in industries.
- Chemical structure of drugs.
- Important medicinal uses of drugs.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the study of drugs derived from natural sources with this Pharmacognosy Basics Quiz. Explore key concepts such as harvesting, crude drugs, extraction methods, and the significance of natural substances. Perfect for students and enthusiasts in the field of pharmacognosy.
