Introduction to Pharmacognosy
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Introduction to Pharmacognosy

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Questions and Answers

What do plant family names typically end with?

  • icus
  • aceae (correct)
  • alis
  • ense

    • What is the main purpose of using scientific names for plants?

  • To provide a historical context for each plant
  • To avoid confusion and ensure specific identification (correct)
  • To give plants common names in different regions
  • To express traditional uses of the plants

    • Which of the following is NOT a level of hierarchical classification?

  • Genus
  • Kingdom
  • Suborder (correct)
  • Species

    • What term describes the geographic distribution of plant species?

    <p>Phytogeography</p> Signup and view all the answers

    An exotic plant is characterized by what feature?

    <p>Being introduced to an area where it has never been found</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of italicizing scientific names?

    <p>To conform to conventional writing practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example represents a plant name that follows the exception rule for capitalization?

    <p>Cinchona Ledgeriana</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mnemonic 'King Philip Came Over From Great Spain' help to remember?

    <p>The order of the hierarchical classification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the species name in the binomial naming system?

    <p>It provides descriptive information about the plant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does phylogeny refer to in the context of plant classification?

    <p>The evolutionary history of plants.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant name indicates the color characteristic?

    <p>Digitalis purpurea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary method used today for grouping plants?

    <p>Based on phylogeny and genetics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which name from this list reflects a plant derived from its geographical source?

    <p>Cannabis indica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the species name 'Strychnos nux vomica' indicate about the plant?

    <p>It causes vomiting.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly illustrates the rules of binomial nomenclature?

    <p>Mentha piperita</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a fundamental aspect of taxonomy?

    <p>Taxonomy is influenced by genetic research.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the binomial system primarily classify?

    <p>The biological names of plants and animals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the plant name represents the genus?

    <p>The first part of the name, which starts with a capital letter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are plants classified within the same genus characterized?

    <p>They have similar characteristics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key element within the professional and ethical practice domain?

    <p>Understanding the structure of animal cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'flora' generally refer to in pharmacognosy?

    <p>The vegetation of a particular region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the binomial nomenclature system developed by Linnaeus?

    <p>It helps avoid confusion in drug identification</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which competency relates to the ability to communicate scientific information effectively?

    <p>4-2-1</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of the fundamental knowledge domain regarding plant cells?

    <p>Describing their structure and function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes a naturalized exotic plant?

    <p>It reproduces naturally in its new environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an indigenous plant?

    <p>Cotton in America</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant type completes its life cycle in one growing season?

    <p>Annual</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes a biennial plant from other types?

    <p>It requires two growing seasons to flower.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of plant is defined as monocarpic?

    <p>Plants that flower once and then die.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What differentiates woody perennials from herbaceous perennials?

    <p>Woody perennials develop stiff structures above ground.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are exotic invasive plants characterized?

    <p>They spread and alter local ecosystems.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes herbaceous plants?

    <p>They have leaves and stems but are non-woody.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are secondary metabolites primarily known for?

    <p>Playing roles in ecological functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is considered a type of alkaloid?

    <p>Caffeine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is common among glycosides?

    <p>They consist of a sugar linked to a non-sugar component</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines polyphenols among secondary metabolites?

    <p>They contain multiple hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about volatile oils is true?

    <p>They represent the essence of active constituents of plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do secondary metabolites impact the survival of organisms?

    <p>They often have little or no effect on survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature that distinguishes alkaloids from other secondary metabolites?

    <p>At least one nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of secondary metabolites?

    <p>They have a wide distribution across all species</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to pharmacognosy

    • Pharmacognosy is the study of medicinal plants and their uses
    • The course focuses on the biological origins of drugs, including plant and animal sources.
    • Key learning outcomes:
      • Students will learn about the structure and function of plant cells and tissues.
      • Students will identify plant species by their uses and relate plant features to environmental conditions.
      • Students will learn how to identify the uses of plant families.
      • Students will be able to relate taxonomic data to the potential presence of natural products.
    • This lecture focuses on the biological and geographical origins of crude drugs.

    Biological Origin (Binomial System)

    • Linnaeus developed the binomial system for naming plants and animals.
    • The binomial system uses two names: genus and species.
    • Genus:
      • The first part of the plant name.
      • Always begins with a capital letter.
      • Represents the plant's group name.
      • All plants with the same genus share similar characteristics and are closely related.
    • Species:
      • The second part of the plant name.
      • Always begins with a lowercase letter.
      • An adjective that describes the genus.
      • Provides descriptive information about the plant.
      • Both names should be underlined or written in italics.
    • Examples:
      • Mentha aquatica (water mint)
      • Mentha arvensis (field mint)
    • Taxonomy is the branch of biology that deals with naming and classifying organisms.

    Linnaeus vs. Today

    • Linnaeus grouped plants based on reproductive characteristics.
    • Today, plants are grouped based on phylogeny.
    • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history of organisms, indicating how they are related.
    • Genetics is used to determine the evolutionary relationships between plants.

    Species Names

    • The species name often indicates:
    • Pharmacological activity:
      • Strychnos nux vomica (nut causing vomiting)
      • Papaver somniferum (hypnotic)
      • Brayera anthelmentica (expelling worms)
    • Characteristic color:
      • Piper nigrum (black pepper)
      • Digitalis purpurea (purple)
      • Digitalis lanata (yellow)
      • Nymphaea alba (white)
      • Quercus rubra (red)
    • Geographical source:
      • Cannabis indica (grown in India)
    • General meaning:
    • Atropa (poisonous)
    • Morphological characters:
      • Glycyrrhiza glabra (liquorice, smooth)
      • Hyoscyamus muticus (short)
      • Begonia maculata (spotted)
    • Plant characters:
      • Myristica fragrans (nutmeg, nice aroma)
      • Caryophyllus aromaticus (clove, aromatic)
    • Exception: The species name may start with a capital letter if it is named after the person who discovered the plant or transported its seeds.

    Hierarchy of Classification

    • The hierarchical classification system starts broadly and gets more specific.
    • 7 hierarchies:
      • Kingdom (broad)
      • Phylum (Division)
      • Class
      • Order
      • Family
      • Genus
      • Species (specific)
    • Mnemonic: "King Philip Came Over For Great Spain".

    Geographical Origin:

    • Refers to the habitat of the drug.
    • This is the area where the plant or animal source is cultivated, collected or lives.
    • Phytogeography: The study of the geographic distribution of plant species.
    • Types of plants:
      • Exotic: Non-native plant introduced to a new area.
        • Naturalized: Exotic plant reproducing naturally in the new environment.
        • Invasive: Exotic plant altering the natural ecosystem.
      • Indigenous (Native): Native to a specific locale.
    • Habitat information:
      • Soil, altitude, and climate affect the active constituents of plants.
      • Cannabis sativa grown in India has a different chemical profile than Cannabis sativa grown in Italy.

    Duration of Plant Cycle:

    • The life cycle of plants varies significantly.
    • Annual: Plant completes life cycle in one growing season (e.g., watermelon).
    • Biennial: Plant needs two growing seasons to complete life cycle (e.g., parsley, carrots).
    • Perennial: Plants live for more than two years (e.g., bananas, apples).
      • Herbaceous: Plants with non-woody shoot systems (e.g., lavender)
      • Woody: Plants have stiff woody structures above ground (e.g., trees, shrubs, vines)
    • Monocarpic: Plants flower and produce seeds once, then die.

    Secondary Metabolites:

    • Secondary metabolites are compounds produced by plants that are not essential for basic metabolism.
    • These compounds play various roles in plant defense, pollination, and antibiosis.
    • Examples:
      • Volatile oils: Odors of plants (e.g., essential oils).
      • Alkaloids: Nitrogen-containing compounds with diverse physiological activities.
      • Glycosides: Sugar-containing compounds.
      • Polyphenols: Compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups on aromatic rings.
    • Secondary metabolites are important for medicinal applications due to their various pharmacological activities.

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    Related Documents

    Pharmacognosy I (PHBL 303) Lecture 2 Introduction to Pharmacognosy 1 (part 2) PDF

    Description

    This quiz explores the fundamentals of pharmacognosy, focusing on the biological and geographical origins of medicinal plants. Students will learn to identify plant species, their uses, and how these relate to environmental conditions. The quiz also covers the binomial system of nomenclature developed by Linnaeus.

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