Introduction to Petroleum Refining
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Questions and Answers

What is the origin of the word 'petroleum'?

  • From the Greek words 'petra' and 'oleum', meaning 'rock' and 'oil' respectively (correct)
  • From the Latin words 'petra' and 'oleum', meaning 'stone' and 'oil' respectively
  • From the German words 'stein' and 'öl', meaning 'stone' and 'oil' respectively
  • From the French words 'pierre' and 'huile', meaning 'rock' and 'oil' respectively

    • What is the primary component of natural gas (NG)?

  • Methane and ethane
  • Oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (correct)
  • Helium and neon
  • Hydrogen and carbon

    • What is the process by which petroleum and natural gas are formed?

  • Distillation
  • Refining
  • Synthesis
  • Not mentioned in the content (correct)

    • What is the purpose of the refining process in petroleum refining?

    <p>To separate crude oil into its various components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the chemical products derived from petroleum?

    <p>Petrochemicals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what year did the distillation process start to be used widely?

    <p>1846</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main driver of the technical work in the extraction of petroleum?

    <p>The business aspect of making money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the process by which oil and gas are expelled from the source rock?

    <p>Migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the third important element for oil and gas trap?

    <p>An impermeable seal rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of the decomposition of organisms with mud and silt?

    <p>A soup of hydrocarbons and natural gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why do oil and gas accumulate in the reservoir rock?

    <p>Because the water pushes the lighter oil and gas upward</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main reason why oil exploration is a risky business?

    <p>Because it is prone to commercial failures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of property leasing in oil exploration?

    <p>To secure a location for drilling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of heat in the process of forming oil and gas?

    <p>It 'cooks' the organic remains into a soup of hydrocarbons and natural gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of an overlying seal rock or impermeable rock in an oil reservoir?

    <p>To prevent the oil and gas from escaping</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the description of a porosity value of 18% in an oil reservoir?

    <p>Good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the device used to measure permeability?

    <p>Permeameter</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the relationship between porosity and permeability?

    <p>Higher porosity, greater permeability</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of traps are formed due to the folding of rock?

    <p>Anticline traps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between structural and stratigraphic traps?

    <p>Study of subsurface deformation processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the reason for the formation of salt domes?

    <p>The salt is less dense than the surrounding rock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the description of a permeability value of 50 millidarcy in an oil reservoir?

    <p>Good</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of the original oil in place can be recovered through primary recovery methods?

    <p>15-20%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of injecting water into the underground reservoir during secondary recovery?

    <p>To displace the oil and lift it to the surface by pumps</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main goal of tertiary recovery methods?

    <p>To improve the mobility of the oil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of injecting low-pressure gas into the reservoir to maintain pressure?

    <p>Immiscible Gas Injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a blowout preventer (BOP) in a drilling well?

    <p>To prevent the uncontrolled release of oil or gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of using the natural conditions in the reservoir to drive out the oil after a well is drilled?

    <p>Primary Recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of a cogeneration plant in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)?

    <p>To generate electricity and produce steam</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of steam injection or thermal processes on the oil in the reservoir?

    <p>It raises the temperature of the oil and reduces its viscosity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of a spar platform compared to a TLP?

    <p>Large counterweight at the bottom</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical water depth for drilling barges?

    <p>Shallow water</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of a drillship?

    <p>Exploratory drilling of new oil or gas wells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of desalting/dehydration in field processing?

    <p>Removal of water bound in an oil-water emulsion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is sweetening in field processing?

    <p>Removal of H2S</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of stabilization in field processing?

    <p>Removal of light gas components</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical water depth for drillships?

    <p>12,000 ft (3,700 m)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the objective of field processing?

    <p>Purifying oil and gas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Petroleum Refining

    • Petroleum, also known as crude oil, is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and natural gas (NG).
    • Hydrocarbons contain hydrogen and carbon, while NG contains oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur.
    • Petrochemicals are produced during refining of crude oil and processing of natural gas, and are also known as petroleum distillates.

    How Petroleum and NG are Formed

    • Petroleum and NG are formed from the decomposition of organisms with mud and silt, along with sand, clay, and minerals, which are solidified into rocks.
    • Heat from within the earth 'cooks' the mud's organic remains into a soup of hydrocarbons (petroleum + NG).
    • Liquids and vapors emitted from the source rocks move upward through sediment pores and accumulate between the grains of sediment.

    How Oil and Gas Trap

    • Three important elements for oil and gas trap:
      1. A source for the oil and gas (black waxy shales).
      2. A porous reservoir/ sedimentary rock to accumulate the oil and gas (storing hence porous).
      3. An overlying seal rock/impermeable rock to prevent the oil and gas from escaping.
    • Porosity values for an oil reservoir:
      • 0-5%: Insignificant
      • 5-10%: Poor
      • 10-15%: Fair
      • 15-20%: Good
      • 20-25%: Excellent
    • Permeability values for an oil reservoir:
      • 1-10 md: Poor
      • 10-100 md: Good
      • 100-1000 md: Excellent
    • Higher porosity, greater permeability.

    Oil and Gas Trap

    • Types of sedimentary rocks:
      • Sandstones (intergranular porosity)
      • Limestones (moldic porosity)
      • Dolostones (intercrystalline porosity)
    • Structural traps:
      • Anticline traps: Formed by a folding of rock
      • Fault traps: Formed when reservoir rock is split along a fault line
      • Salt domes: Formed because the below ground salt is less dense than the above rock and is moving upwards slowly

    Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)

    • Primary Recovery:
      • Makes use of the natural conditions in the reservoir to drive out the oil
      • Oil recovered: 15-20% of the original oil in place
    • Secondary Recovery:
      • Enhance or replace the primary recovery techniques
      • Recovery factor after primary and secondary: 35-45%
      • Rely on the supply of external energy into the reservoir
    • Tertiary Recovery:
      • Generic term: Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR)
      • Take over when secondary recovery is no longer effective
      • Increase the mobility of oil by heating the oil, reducing its viscosity hence easier to be extracted
      • Oil Recovery: 30-60% of the original oil in place

    Drilling Wells

    • Types of drilling rigs:
      • Drilling barge
      • Drilling ship
      • Jack-up rig
      • Semi-submersible rig
      • Nodding donkey/pump jack (onshore)

    Field Processing

    • Objectives:
      • Purify the oil and gas
      • Dispose of any harmful contaminants
    • Desalting/Dehydration: Removal of water bound in an oil-water emulsion
    • Sweetening: Removal of H2S, typically by means of stripping with natural gas available from the reservoir
    • Stabilization: Removal of light gas components dissolved in the oil in order to increase its vapor pressure

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    Understand the basics of petroleum, crude oil, and their characteristics. Learn about the history of petroleum and its composition.

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