Introduction to Personality Concepts

Psychological characteristics that describe and explain individual differences in behavior and actions.

A pattern of relatively permanent traits and unique characteristics that give both consistency and individuality to a person's behavior.

Characteristics that describe how people differ from each other, and ways they are similar. Examples include shy, talkative, outgoing.

Processes of personality, featuring input, decision rules, and outputs.

Personality is consistent over time and across situations reflecting internal attributes.

Describe average tendencies of a person. Shows how often a person exhibits a certain trait.

Human personality is a complex structure making it hard to define as a concept.

Personality traits and mechanisms aren't random, but interconnected and coherent within a person.

Personality traits, especially in adults, remain relatively stable over time, displaying consistent patterns in various situations.

Questions on Personality origins address either heredity or environmental factors.

Only a few psychological mechanisms are active at a given time, responding to situational factors

How traits connect or relate to each other.

Whether personality is made up of many traits or just a few.

The effects or impacts of traits.

Traits and mechanisms typical of our species, shared by nearly everyone.

Ways in which individuals are similar or different from each other, and how groups differ.

Personal qualities unique to each individual.

Personality measures observed on many people to find general rules.

Detailed study of individuals to understand their unique traits.

Personality can be analyzed considering similarities to all humans, similarities to some others, and uniqueness.

Personality traits affect how we act, think, interact, and feel, significantly shaping our lives.

How we perceive, select, evoke, and manipulate situations influence our lives.

Unintentionally causing reactions in others; we create the social environments we experience.

Intentionally influencing others' behavior, thoughts, and feelings.

Successfully achieving goals, coping with challenges, and adapting to life's difficulties.

The physical world presents challenges and opportunities that affect our lives.

Challenges encountered in our quest for belonging, love, and esteem.

Our thoughts, feelings, and mental processes.

Focuses on identifying and measuring individual differences in personality.

Views personality through biological systems influencing behavior, thoughts, and emotions.

Examines mental mechanisms, often unconscious, affecting personality.

Studies how thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and goals affect personality.

Explores how culture and society impact personality and vice versa.

Examines how personality influences our ability to cope and adapt to life.

Evaluating personality theories through scientific standards.

The gap between studying human nature and individual/group differences in personality.

Wide-ranging explanations of fundamental psychological processes and characteristics, aiming to describe universal human nature.

Current personality research focusing on the differences between individuals and groups, rather than universal human traits.

Specialized areas of personality study. Focus on specific aspects of human nature.

Personality domain focusing on how individuals differ in stable traits and characteristics - like extraversion or introversion.

Personality domain focusing on biological and genetic influences on personality development (genes).

Personality domain focusing on internal psychological processes, like motives, conflicts, and unconscious thoughts that shape personality

Personality domain focusing on our thoughts, feelings, beliefs, and subjective experiences.

Personality domain focusing on how social and cultural factors influence our personalities.

Personality domain focusing on how people cope with challenges and adapt to their environment.

A simple personality assessment tool using trait adjectives.

Words used to describe personality characteristics (e.g., active, adaptable).

A numerical scale (e.g., 1-7) for assessing the degree to which a trait describes someone.

Words that people consider to apply to themselves.

Data sources like driving records, credit card usage, and internet patterns that provide real-life information about personality.

Challenges in using multiple data sources to study personality, including links between data and potential measurement errors.

The relationship and correspondence between findings from different personality assessment methods.

Using more than two methods to study the same phenomenon (personality), aimed at verifying and validating results.

Acknowledging that all personality assessment methods are limited and have flaws in accuracy and completeness.

Collect information or knowledge. (toplamak)

Tools that record data without human intervention, offering objectivity in observation.

Free from observer bias and can be used in natural settings.

Limited ability to measure personality dispositions such as introversion or extraversion; lacks specific measures for some traits.

Measures of physical processes like arousal level, reactivity, and information processing speed, potentially linked to personality.

Includes measures of sympathetic nervous system activity such as blood pressure, heart rate, muscle tension.

Brain wave patterns as indicators of responses to stimuli in personality studies.

Psychopaths sometimes don't display normal fear or anxiety reactions common in many people.

A reflex involving rapidly blinking eyes triggered by loud noises.

Psychopaths may not show a faster eye blink response during anxiety-provoking situations.

A neuroimaging technique that measures brain activity by analyzing changes in blood flow.

Use of neuroimaging technology to measure brain function relating to different aspects of behaviour

Measures the agreement between different raters observing or evaluating the same thing. It's calculated as a percentage of agreement.

Evaluates the consistency of results across different items measuring the same concept in a test.

Assesses the consistency of results between two different versions of a test that cover the same content.

A test's accuracy in measuring what it intends to measure.

How seemingly appropriate a test appears to measure what it's intended to.

A method used to find out if one variable causes another. It involves manipulating one variable and making sure participants in different groups are the same.

A study that finds relationships between variables, but cannot prove one variable causes the other.

A detailed examination of one individual, often used to study rare phenomena or unique personalities.

The idea that one variable directly affects another.

A number that describes the strength and direction of a relationship between two variables.

Changing one variable to see how it affects another.

Participants in different groups of an experiment are similar in key characteristics.

A testable prediction about the relationship between variables.

Describing how much a person leans toward being passive or active

Describing a person's emotional warmth or coldness

Describing a person's degree of dependability in fulfilling their responsibilities

Describing a person's emotional consistency

Describing a person's exposure to and appreciation of the arts and broader knowledge.

Describing a person's level of energy and enthusiasm

Describing a person's tendency to be cooperative and kind.

Describing a person's level of attention to detail and responsibility.

Describing a person's level of confidence and comfort.

Describing a person's understanding and awareness of the world.

Describing a person's leadership qualities and assertiveness.

Describing a person's tendency to be harsh or forgiving.

Describing a person's attention to detail.

Describing a person's state of anxiety and composure.

Describing a person's intellectual capacity.

Describing a person's level of courage and assertiveness.

Describing a person's ability to adapt to changes.

Describing a person's ability to manage tasks and resources.

Describing a person's level of stress and tension.

Describing a person's ability to understand others and situations.

Describing a person's degree of conformity to social norms.

Describing a person's degree of trust in others.

Describing a person's effort and dedication.

Describing a person's emotional consistency and stability.

Describing a person's ability to generate new ideas and approaches.

Describing a person's sense of self-worth and modesty.

Describing a person's tendency to be impartial and just.

Describing a person's adherence to established customs and beliefs.

Describing a person's expressiveness and intensity of feelings.

Describing a person's ability to grasp nuanced and intricate concepts.

Describing a person's inclination to speak and interact.

Describing a person's concern for others versus themselves.

Describing a person's political views.

Describing a person's feelings toward others' successes.

Describing a person's desire to learn new things.

Describing a person's inclination to interact with others.

Describing a person's tendency to give and spend.

Describing a person's focus on realism and practicality.

Describing a person's reliance on personal perspectives.

Describing a person's ability and tendency to break down information.