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Questions and Answers
What age range defines a toddler according to pediatric definitions?
What age range defines a toddler according to pediatric definitions?
Which of the following is a recommended reason for comprehensive eye examinations for children?
Which of the following is a recommended reason for comprehensive eye examinations for children?
What is the most common correctable cause of reduced vision in children?
What is the most common correctable cause of reduced vision in children?
What specific age group is included in the definition of 'preschool child'?
What specific age group is included in the definition of 'preschool child'?
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Which factor is associated with increased risk of vision problems in children?
Which factor is associated with increased risk of vision problems in children?
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What is the frequency of eye examinations recommended for children aged birth to two years?
What is the frequency of eye examinations recommended for children aged birth to two years?
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What proportion of preschoolers are reported to have received an eye examination?
What proportion of preschoolers are reported to have received an eye examination?
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Which disorder is NOT typically included in the comparison of visual disorders in children?
Which disorder is NOT typically included in the comparison of visual disorders in children?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pediatric Optometry
- Neonate: 0 to 28 days
- Infant: 29 days to 1 year
- Toddler: 1 to 2 years, 11 months
- Preschool child: 3 to 5 years, 11 months
- School age child: 6 years to 18 years
American Optometric Association Clinical Practice Guidelines
- The guideline for comprehensive pediatric eye and vision examinations details procedures for evaluating infants and children's eye health and vision.
- It also advises on referral for consultation or treatment by another health care provider when necessary.
Pediatric Age Groups and Definitions
- Neonate: 0 to 28 days
- Infant: 29 days to 1 year
- Toddler: 1 to 2 years, 11 months
- Preschool: 3 to 5 years, 11 months
- School age child: 6 years to 18 years
Need and Access to Care
- Vision and eye problems are a significant public health concern.
- 1 in 5 preschoolers and 1 in 4 school-age children experience vision problems
- Only 15% of preschoolers receive eye exams.
- Vision screenings are performed less than 22% in preschoolers
- Early diagnosis and treatment halt further vision loss.
- Untreated vision issues affect development, academic performance, social interaction, self-esteem, and educational performance.
- Developmental delays and reduction in educational attainment are linked to untreated vision problems.
Cost of Eye and Vision Disorders
- Eye disorders in children under 18 cost roughly $5.9 billion dollars.
- The financial cost includes medical expenses, vision aids, and special education services and the non-medical financial implications
- Lower quality of life is directly linked to the financial and non-medical costs of vision issues in children.
Vision Screening vs Examinations
- Vision screenings don't detect all problems.
- Vision screenings have potential issues of false security.
- A comprehensive eye examination is the standard of care for complete assessment.
- Several factors can prevent children from receiving appropriate eye care including; cost, education, communication, language, immigration status, access to transportation, and healthcare literacy.
Epidemiology of Eye and Vision Disorders in the Pediatric Population
- Refractive errors are the leading cause of correctable vision problems in children.
- Hyperopia (farsightedness) is common in children aged 0-5 years.
- Myopia (nearsightedness) usually appears between ages 7 and 16.
- Collaborative Longitudinal Evaluation of Ethnicity and Refractive Error Study (CLEERE) demonstrated that 1 in 6 children (Asian, Hispanic, African American, Native American, and White) developed myopia during school age.
Ocular Disease
- The severity of ocular diseases can vary greatly from mild to severe.
- Ocular disease prevalence is lower in children compared to adults
- Conditions that affect vision and can cause ocular issues in children include:
- Cataract
- Glaucoma
- Retinitis pigmentosa
- Retinoblastoma
- Diabetic retinopathy
- Cortical (cerebral) visual impairment
- Optic nerve hypoplasia
- Early diagnosis of these diseases is integral to managing them.
Frequency of Care
- Recommended examination frequency for children varies by age, medical history, and risk factors.
Factors Associated with Increased Risk of Vision or Ocular Problems
- Prematurity, low birth weight, prolonged oxygen use
- Family history of certain eye diseases (myopia, strabismus, retinoblastoma)
- Congenital cataracts
- Maternal infections during pregnancy.
- Maternal smoking, alcohol use, or illicit drug use
- Difficult or assisted labor
- Cortical visual impairment
- High or progressive refractive error
- Strabismus and anisometropia
Elements of a Comprehensive Pediatric Eye and Vision Examination
- Review the patient's history, including medical and family histories and visual, ocular health and general development of child.
- Measurement of the child's visual acuities
- Determination of refractive status
- Assessment of binocular vision, ocular motility, and accommodation
- Checking color vision
- Complete evaluation and measurement of anterior and posterior segment, pupillary responses, intraocular pressure, and visual field testing
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Description
Explore key concepts in pediatric optometry with a focus on age definitions and guidelines for comprehensive eye examinations in children. This quiz highlights the necessity of eye care for different pediatric age groups and the importance of early intervention.
