WK 4: Introduction to Pathology

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What is the result of adjacent healthy cells replacing deleted cells in a tissue?

Programmed cell death
Cell migration and/or cell division (correct)
Cellular adaptation
Cell injury

What is the purpose of apoptosis in embryogenesis?

To promote cell proliferation
To remove unwanted cells (correct)
To cause inflammation
To induce oxidative stress

What is the consequence of DNA injury due to radiation or cytotoxic drugs?

Apoptosis (correct)
Cell adaptation
Cell injury and necrosis
Cell proliferation

What are the four essential parts to characterizing disease?

Aetiology, pathogenesis, structural changes, clinical manifestations (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cell injury due to mild to moderate thermal injury?

Apoptosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the increase in the number of cells in response to stress or injury?

Hyperplasia (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the study of the underlying processes and mechanisms of disease?

Pathology (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the process by which cells die due to injury or disease?

Necrosis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the ability of cells to maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments?

Homeostasis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What are the four core aspects of disease as defined by pathology?

Aetiology, pathogenesis, structural changes, and clinical features (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism by which oxygen-derived free radicals exert their harmful effects?

By releasing energy to adjacent molecules, converting them to further free radicals (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the disruption of cell membranes, leading to a loss of osmotic balance and the influx of water and ions?

Defects in membrane permeability (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of necrosis is characterized by the preservation of the architecture of dead tissues?

Coagulative necrosis (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals, which can cause cellular damage?

Oxidative stress (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary source of oxygen-derived free radicals in the cell?

Mitochondria (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of hypertrophy?

An increase in the size of cells (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between physiological and pathological hypertrophy?

Physiological hypertrophy occurs in response to increased functional demand, while pathological hypertrophy occurs in response to hormonal stimulation (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the increase in the size of cells in response to stress or injury?

Hypertrophy (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?

Weightlifter inducing increased skeletal muscle (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cellular adaptations to increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation?

Synthesis of structural components (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of disease in myocardial infarction (MI)?

Coronary artery atherosclerosis with blocked blood flow (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of uncontrolled dietary iron absorption in haemochromatosis?

Build-up of iron in organs (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for the sequence of events from the introduction of an aetiological agent to structural and clinical changes?

Pathogenesis (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the difference between intrinsic and acquired aetiologies?

Intrinsic aetiologies are genetic, while acquired aetiologies are environmental (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the final stage of cirrhosis due to haemochromatosis?

Hepatic failure (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of hydropic change in cells?

Failure of ion pumps due to lack of ATP (C) Signup and view all the answers

What determines the reversibility of cell injury?

Duration, type, and severity of injury, as well as cellular adaptability (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of metabolic pathways in fatty change?

Accumulation of triglyceride-filled lipid vacuoles (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the effect of lack of ATP on cell morphology?

Cells appear more swollen (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the consequence of oxygen deprivation on cells?

Irreversible cell injury (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of cells in hydropic change?

They appear more swollen (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the basis of cellular adaptation to injury?

Limits of adaptive response (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of loss of RNA on cell morphology?

Cells appear more eosinophilic (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is the characteristic of reversible cell injury?

It can be recovered from if the limits of adaptive response are not exceeded (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the factor that determines the severity of cell injury?

Type, duration, and severity of injury (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is the fundamental unit of organisms, according to the cell theory?

Cell (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of cells adapting to harsh environmental conditions?

Cell adaptation (A) Signup and view all the answers

What is the term for an increase in cell numbers, often due to hormonal or growth factor stimulation?