40 Questions
What is the result of adjacent healthy cells replacing deleted cells in a tissue?
Cell migration and/or cell division
What is the purpose of apoptosis in embryogenesis?
To remove unwanted cells
What is the consequence of DNA injury due to radiation or cytotoxic drugs?
Apoptosis
What are the four essential parts to characterizing disease?
Aetiology, pathogenesis, structural changes, clinical manifestations
What is the result of cell injury due to mild to moderate thermal injury?
Apoptosis
What is the term for the increase in the number of cells in response to stress or injury?
Hyperplasia
What is the study of the underlying processes and mechanisms of disease?
Pathology
What is the term for the process by which cells die due to injury or disease?
Necrosis
What is the term for the ability of cells to maintain internal environments that are different from their external environments?
Homeostasis
What are the four core aspects of disease as defined by pathology?
Aetiology, pathogenesis, structural changes, and clinical features
What is the primary mechanism by which oxygen-derived free radicals exert their harmful effects?
By releasing energy to adjacent molecules, converting them to further free radicals
What is the term for the disruption of cell membranes, leading to a loss of osmotic balance and the influx of water and ions?
Defects in membrane permeability
Which type of necrosis is characterized by the preservation of the architecture of dead tissues?
Coagulative necrosis
What is the term for the accumulation of oxygen-derived free radicals, which can cause cellular damage?
Oxidative stress
What is the primary source of oxygen-derived free radicals in the cell?
Mitochondria
What is the primary characteristic of hypertrophy?
An increase in the size of cells
What is the main difference between physiological and pathological hypertrophy?
Physiological hypertrophy occurs in response to increased functional demand, while pathological hypertrophy occurs in response to hormonal stimulation
What is the term for the increase in the size of cells in response to stress or injury?
Hypertrophy
What is an example of physiological hypertrophy?
Weightlifter inducing increased skeletal muscle
What is the result of cellular adaptations to increased functional demand or hormonal stimulation?
Synthesis of structural components
What is the primary cause of disease in myocardial infarction (MI)?
Coronary artery atherosclerosis with blocked blood flow
What is the consequence of uncontrolled dietary iron absorption in haemochromatosis?
Build-up of iron in organs
What is the term for the sequence of events from the introduction of an aetiological agent to structural and clinical changes?
Pathogenesis
What is the difference between intrinsic and acquired aetiologies?
Intrinsic aetiologies are genetic, while acquired aetiologies are environmental
What is the final stage of cirrhosis due to haemochromatosis?
Hepatic failure
What is the primary cause of hydropic change in cells?
Failure of ion pumps due to lack of ATP
What determines the reversibility of cell injury?
Duration, type, and severity of injury, as well as cellular adaptability
What is the result of metabolic pathways in fatty change?
Accumulation of triglyceride-filled lipid vacuoles
What is the effect of lack of ATP on cell morphology?
Cells appear more swollen
What is the consequence of oxygen deprivation on cells?
Irreversible cell injury
What is the characteristic of cells in hydropic change?
They appear more swollen
What is the basis of cellular adaptation to injury?
Limits of adaptive response
What is the result of loss of RNA on cell morphology?
Cells appear more eosinophilic
What is the characteristic of reversible cell injury?
It can be recovered from if the limits of adaptive response are not exceeded
What is the factor that determines the severity of cell injury?
Type, duration, and severity of injury
What is the fundamental unit of organisms, according to the cell theory?
Cell
What is the result of cells adapting to harsh environmental conditions?
Cell adaptation
What is the term for an increase in cell numbers, often due to hormonal or growth factor stimulation?
Hyperplasia
What is the term for a decrease in cell size, often due to decreased hormonal or growth factor stimulation?
Atrophy
What is the term for a change in cell type, often in response to chronic irritation or inflammation?
Metaplasia
Test your knowledge of cellular adaptations, homeostatic mechanisms, and cell injury. Learn about the basics of disease and how cells respond to their environment. Explore the concepts of hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, and metaplasia.
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