Introduction to Pathology Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary focus of general pathology?

  • Understanding the causes and mechanisms of disease.
  • Studying the basic reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli that underlie all diseases. (correct)
  • Developing treatments for various diseases.
  • Examining the specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to well-defined stimuli.

    • What is the approximate size of the human genome in terms of DNA base pairs?

  • 3.2 billion (correct)
  • 5 billion
  • 10 billion
  • 1.5 billion

    • What percentage of the human genome is estimated to be functionally active, involved in either protein binding, gene expression regulation, or other assigned activities?

  • 50%
  • 80% (correct)
  • 20%
  • 95%

    • Which of the following is NOT a component of the course structure mentioned in the content?

    <p>Laboratory practicals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to the content, what is the primary focus of systemic pathology?

    <p>Examining the specific responses of specialized organs and tissues to more or less well-defined stimuli. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of collagen is mutated in patients with blistering skin diseases?

    <p>Type VII collagen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the glycoprotein associated with elastin, which forms a mesh-like network in elastic fibers?

    <p>Fibrillin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of proteoglycans in joint cartilage?

    <p>Providing a layer of lubrication between bony surfaces (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of fibrillin?

    <p>Providing a layer of lubrication between bony surfaces (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two main diseases associated with collagen defects?

    <p>Osteogenesis imperfecta and Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of Type IX collagen in cartilage?

    <p>Regulating collagen fibril diameters (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does elastin contribute to the function of cardiac valves and large blood vessels?

    <p>By allowing them to accommodate recurrent pulsatile flow (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are proteoglycans called by their respective names?

    <p>Based on the structure of their principal repeating disaccharide (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name given to excessive scar tissue formation?

    <p>Keloid scar (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the process where new skin cells grow over a wound?

    <p>Re-epithelialization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a problem that can occur due to abnormalities in tissue repair?

    <p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the type of tissue that forms during wound healing?

    <p>Granulation tissue (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of a skin ulcer?

    <p>A large gap between the edges (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the approximate time it takes for a sutured wound to reach 75% of its original strength?

    <p>3 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these options are examples of abnormalities in tissue repair?

    <p>Too little granulation tissue (A), Too much granulation tissue (B), Too much scarring (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the process of scar formation?

    <p>Cicatrization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a component of the ECM that a DHESIVE can bind to?

    <p>Chondroitin Sulfate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following glycoproteins is the most abundant in basement membranes?

    <p>Laminin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of integrins in cell adhesion?

    <p>Facilitating cell-cell interactions and connecting to the ECM (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of integrins?

    <p>Synthesizing new ECM components (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a primary function of fibronectin in wound healing?

    <p>Providing a scaffold for ECM deposition (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following phases of the cell cycle involves DNA synthesis?

    <p>S phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the G0 phase of the cell cycle?

    <p>A quiescent state for cells not actively cycling (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a key characteristic of stem cells?

    <p>Activation of immune responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of lncRNAs?

    <p>To regulate gene expression (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do lncRNAs restrict RNA polymerase from accessing coding genes?

    <p>By binding to the DNA and blocking the polymerase (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of XIST in X chromosome inactivation?

    <p>XIST forms a repressive structure that silences genes on the X chromosome (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of CRISPR-Cas systems in gene editing?

    <p>They enable targeted editing of specific DNA sequences (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do guide RNAs (gRNAs) contribute to gene editing using CRISPR-Cas9?

    <p>They bind to the target DNA sequence and guide Cas9 for cleavage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two primary mechanisms by which Cas9-induced DNA breaks can be repaired?

    <p>Nonhomologous end joining and homologous recombination (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential consequence of nonhomologous end joining (NHEJ) after Cas9-induced DNA cleavage?

    <p>The creation of random mutations at the target site (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main difference between lncRNAs and coding mRNAs?

    <p>lncRNAs do not code for proteins, while coding mRNAs do (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the ECM in relation to cell growth and development?

    <p>The ECM regulates cell proliferation by binding and presenting growth factors. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the ECM contribute to maintaining normal tissue structure?

    <p>The ECM provides scaffolding for tissue renewal and repair, ensuring proper organization. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary source of interstitial matrix synthesis?

    <p>Mesenchymal cells like fibroblasts (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these tissues is NOT mentioned as an example where interstitial matrix cushions compression?

    <p>Liver (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of ECM disruption in relation to tissue regeneration?

    <p>ECM disruption hinders effective tissue regeneration and repair. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these statements accurately describes the role of the basement membrane?

    <p>The basement membrane acts as a barrier between epithelial and connective tissues, providing structural support. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of interstitial matrix?

    <p>A three-dimensional, semi-fluid gel that fills spaces between stromal cells. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of the ECM?

    <p>Directly synthesizing proteins for cellular metabolism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Pathology

    • Pathology is the study of disease and suffering.
    • Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology is a specialization within pathology.

    Course Structure

    • Quizzes are mostly on Mondays.
    • Most online classes are on Wednesday and Monday.
    • Class times: 8:00 am - 10:00 am (Mondays and Wednesdays)
    • 3 partial exams (45%); final exam (20%)
    • In-class cases/histology (15%)
    • Quizzes (15%)
    • Professionalism & Class Participation (5%)

    Pathology of Disease

    • General pathology examines the basic cellular and tissue responses to disease.
    • Systemic pathology focuses on the effects of disease across specialized organs and tissues.

    The Cell (Cell Structure)

    • The cell contains many organelles including: 
      • Chromatin
      • Nucleus
      • Nucleolus
      • Nuclear envelope
        • Plasma membrane
        • Smooth endoplasmic reticulum
      • Rough endoplasmic reticulum
        • Ribosomes
        • Golgi apparatus
        • Lysosome
        • Mitochondrion
        • Centrioles
        • Glycosomes
        • Cytosol
        • Peroxisome
        • Microfilament - Microtubule
      • Intermediate filament
        • microvilli
    • Cell processes:
      • Exocytosis: Secretion of materials out of the cell

    Noncoding DNA

    • The human genome contains roughly 3.2 billion DNA base pairs, 80% are non-coding DNA.
    • These regions include promoters, enhancers, binding sites for transcription factors, regulatory RNAs, transposons, and telomeres (chromosome ends) and centromeres (chromosome "tethers").
    • These regions are essential for gene expression and “architectural planning".

    Genetic Variations

    • Many genetic variations (polymorphisms) are associated with diseases.
    • Variations in gene regulation can be more crucial than structural protein changes.
    • Sequencing analysis of any two people shows >99.5% similarity.
    • Variations are primarily in SNPs and CNVs within a few regions in the DNA.

    DNA Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

    • SNPs are variations in a single nucleotide in a DNA base pair.
    • Over 6 million SNPs have been located in humans' genomes, including exons, introns, and intergenic regions.
    • SNPs in noncoding areas can affect gene expression,
    • SNPs can potentially be linked with diseases.

    Copy Number Variations (CNVs)

    • CNVs are variations in the DNA sequences involving the number of larger contiguous DNA sequences.
    • They range from 1000 base pairs to millions of base pairs.
    • They can be duplicated or deleted in individuals. CNVs vary between individuals by millions of base pairs.

    Epigenetics Factors

    • Epigenetics refers to heritable changes in gene expression. 
    • They are not caused by modifications in the DNA sequence. 
    • Common types of epigenetic changes are:
      • Histone acetylation
      • Histone methylation
      • Histone phosphorylation
        • DNA methylation
        • Chromatin organization

    Histones

    • Histones are specialized proteins important for chromatin dynamics
    • The DNA and histone complex is called chromatin.
    • Chromatin is found in two forms:
      • Heterochromatin
      • Euchromatin

    MicroRNAs and Long Noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs)

    • miRNAs are noncoding RNAs that regulate gene expression by modulating the translation of target mRNAs.
    • siRNAs (small interfering RNAs) are also noncoding RNAs, which regulate multiple genes and can be introduced into cells experimentally to silence target genes.
    • lncRNAs are noncoding RNAs exceeding coding mRNAs. They modulate gene expression. 
    • Example: XIST, regulates X-chromosome inactivation in females.

    Cell Housekeeping

    • Cell housekeeping involves many vital functions to maintain cell health.
    • The cell membrane protects against its surroundings.
    • Nutrients arrive and are processed by cells.
    • Internal communication and movement of cells are vital functions.
    • Cell compartments like the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi are important for synthesizing molecules.
    • Energy production happens inside the mitochondria.

    Cell Death

    • Two major pathways of cell death are necrosis and apoptosis.
    • Necrosis follows cellular damage from toxins, ischemia, or trauma. 
    • Apoptosis is a programmed cell death that is essential for development and normal tissue turnover.

    Cell Signaling

    • Cells receive and respond to several signals.
    • Some cell signals lead to differentiation, some lead to cell specialization, and others induce proliferation and cell division.
    • Types of cell signaling: 
      • Autocrine
      • Paracrine
      • Endocrine
      • Synaptic

    Growth Factors

    • Growth factors are signaling molecules that stimulate the activities of signaling pathways and genes.
    • They stimulate cellular functions like survival, growth, and division.
    • Growth factors bind to specific receptors to regulate cellular processes.
    • Growth factors can also promote cell replication and prevent apoptosis.

    Extracellular Matrix (ECM)

    • ECM consists of a network of proteins.
    • It provides structural support, regulates cell signaling, and contributes to tissue development, healing, and maintenance.
    • The interstitial matrix fills spaces between cells and the basement membrane surrounds epithelial cells and some connective tissues.
    • Cells have ECM receptors and integrins that facilitate cell adhesion and signaling. 
    • Forms of ECM:
      • Fibrillar collagens
      • Elastin
      • Proteoglycans, including chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and hyaluronan (HA).
      • Adhesive proteins including fibronectin.

    Tissue Repair and Regeneration

    • Tissue repair involves either full tissue regeneration or repair by scarring.
    • Labile tissues regenerate readily, while stable tissues can regenerate, and permanent tissues cannot, leading to scarring.
    • Steps in scar formation include inflammation, formation of granulation tissue, and scar formation to repair the injury.

    Stem Cells

    • Stem cells are cells that have the ability to differentiate into specialized cell types.
    • They are crucial components of tissue homeostasis, especially in the repair of damaged tissues. 
    • There are different types of stem cells: totipotent (embryos only), pluripotent, multipotent, and lineage-committed stem cells.
    • Stem cells play central roles in all organs and tissues involved in normal function.

    Three Types of Tissue

    • Labile Tissues: these are tissues that constantly renew themselves (such as skin, bone marrow, GI epithelium).
    • Stable Tissues: these are tissues that renew themselves only when there is an injury and are able to heal. (examples include: Liver, Kidney, Pancreas)
    • Permanent tissues: These tissues cannot regenerate (such as the heart and brain).

    Cytokines

    • Cytokines are proteins involved in inflammation and immune system functions.
    • They regulate several bodily processes.

    Regenerative Medicine

    • Regenerative medicine focuses on restoring damaged tissues or organs using stem cells, cellular therapy or induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs).
    • Regenerative approaches offer solutions and opportunities in treating diseases.

    Objectives and Summary

    • This section covers specific objectives and topics, useful for further understanding of the subject matter.

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    Related Documents

    Intro to Pathology Spring 2025 PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on the basics of pathology, including cellular structure and systemic effects of diseases. This quiz focuses on key concepts in general and oral pathology as presented in the course lectures. Prepare to explore the intricate details of cells and their responses to disease.

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