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Questions and Answers
What percentage of the body's water is found in blood plasma?
What percentage of the body's water is found in blood plasma?
What is the term used for severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling?
What is the term used for severe, generalized edema marked by profound swelling?
What condition is often caused by a parasitic infection such as filariasis?
What condition is often caused by a parasitic infection such as filariasis?
Which force primarily controls the movement of fluid between vascular and interstitial spaces?
Which force primarily controls the movement of fluid between vascular and interstitial spaces?
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What appearance does the skin of the affected breast exhibit due to infiltration from breast cancer?
What appearance does the skin of the affected breast exhibit due to infiltration from breast cancer?
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What triggers excessive sodium and water retention leading to edema?
What triggers excessive sodium and water retention leading to edema?
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What condition is the most important cause of albumin loss from the blood?
What condition is the most important cause of albumin loss from the blood?
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Which area of the body is most commonly affected by dependent edema?
Which area of the body is most commonly affected by dependent edema?
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Which of the following can lead to increased movement of water into the interstitial space?
Which of the following can lead to increased movement of water into the interstitial space?
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Which physiological response is triggered by reduced cardiac output and hypoperfusion of the kidneys?
Which physiological response is triggered by reduced cardiac output and hypoperfusion of the kidneys?
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What is a severe consequence of brain edema?
What is a severe consequence of brain edema?
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What is often the primary cause of hemorrhage?
What is often the primary cause of hemorrhage?
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What is a significant characteristic of generalized edema related to secondary hyperaldosteronism?
What is a significant characteristic of generalized edema related to secondary hyperaldosteronism?
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What primarily causes reduced colloid osmotic pressure in the blood?
What primarily causes reduced colloid osmotic pressure in the blood?
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What is a common result of traumatic injury affecting a blood vessel?
What is a common result of traumatic injury affecting a blood vessel?
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What condition can contribute to pulmonary edema?
What condition can contribute to pulmonary edema?
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What is a common cause of petechiae?
What is a common cause of petechiae?
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Which of the following describes the size of purpura?
Which of the following describes the size of purpura?
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What can rapid blood loss up to 20% of blood volume potentially cause?
What can rapid blood loss up to 20% of blood volume potentially cause?
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What is the primary function of blood circulation as described?
What is the primary function of blood circulation as described?
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Which factor primarily mediates arteriolar vasoconstriction during normal hemostasis?
Which factor primarily mediates arteriolar vasoconstriction during normal hemostasis?
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What is the pathologic counterpart of hemostasis?
What is the pathologic counterpart of hemostasis?
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What causes edema under normal conditions?
What causes edema under normal conditions?
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Which hemorrhage type is characterized by larger subcutaneous hematomas?
Which hemorrhage type is characterized by larger subcutaneous hematomas?
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What outcome may result from inadequate hemostasis?
What outcome may result from inadequate hemostasis?
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What is the distinction between hyperemia and congestion?
What is the distinction between hyperemia and congestion?
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Chronic external blood loss often leads to which type of anemia?
Chronic external blood loss often leads to which type of anemia?
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What are the clinical implications of chronic congestion?
What are the clinical implications of chronic congestion?
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What happens to extravasated red cells during the healing process?
What happens to extravasated red cells during the healing process?
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What characterizes acute pulmonary congestion?
What characterizes acute pulmonary congestion?
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What could be observed in chronic passive congestion of the liver?
What could be observed in chronic passive congestion of the liver?
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What can be a consequence of thromboembolism?
What can be a consequence of thromboembolism?
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Study Notes
Introduction to Pathology
- Pathology is the study of disease.
- Dr. Raya D. Marji, M.D. is the instructor.
- Office: 0-505
- Email: [email protected]
Hemodynamic Disorders
- Hemodynamic disorders include hyperemia and congestion, edema, hemorrhage, and hemostasis and thrombosis.
Hyperemia and Congestion
- Hyperemia is an increase in blood volume within a tissue, caused by arteriolar dilation and increased blood flow. It appears red.
- Congestion is a passive process resulting from impaired outflow of venous blood from a tissue. It appears blue-red (cyanosis).
- Chronic congestion can lead to hypoxia, parenchymal cell death, secondary tissue fibrosis, and edema. It can even rupture capillaries, causing focal hemorrhages.
Edema
- Edema is the accumulation of fluid within tissues.
- 60% of lean body weight is water, two thirds of which is intracellular.
- Only 5% of the body's water is in blood plasma.
- Edema can be generalized or localized.
- Causes of edema include increased hydrostatic pressure, reduced plasma osmotic pressure, and lymphatic obstruction.
- Causes of increased hydrostatic pressure include impaired venous return (like congestive heart failure, constrictive pericarditis, ascites) and arteriolar dilation (like heat).
- Reduced plasma osmotic pressure is often related to low protein and albumin (as in nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis or malnutrition).
- Obstructions in lymphatic drainage due to inflammatory conditions, neoplastic conditions or surgery can also cause edema.
Hemorrhage
- Hemorrhage is the extravasation (escape out) of blood from blood vessels, often caused by damage to blood vessels or impaired clot formation.
- Causes can include trauma, atherosclerosis, or inflammatory or neoplastic vessel wall erosion.
- Hemorrhage can impact the body in profound ways, including shock from blood loss or potential death due to damage in vital organs (especially the brain).
- Hemorrhagic diatheses are diverse diseases of vessel walls, platelets, or coagulation factors leading to unusual bleeding.
Hemostasis and Thrombosis
- Normal hemostasis is the body's controlled process of blood clotting to stop bleeding from an injured vessel.
- Thrombosis is the pathological formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in a non-injured vessel.
- Normal hemostasis involves platelets, coagulation factors, and endothelium to constrict arterioles, forming a platelet plug and ultimately a fibrin clot that will block further bleeding.
- Blood clot breakdown is called fibrinolysis.
Morphology of Edema, Hemorrhage and Congestion
- Edema is easily recognized on gross inspection, with swelling. Microscopic examination reveals clear tissue and separated ECM components (often the surrounding tissue will retain some water).
- Dependent edema is most noticeable in the legs and sacrum due to high hydrostatic pressure.
- Tissues affected by congestion have altered appearances (colour, texture). Congested lungs have blood in the alveoli.
- Chronic passive liver congestion: the central regions are red-brown and depressed. Microscopically, there is centrilobular hepatocyte necrosis, hemorrhage and macrophages.
Clinical Features of Edema, Hemorrhage and Congestion
- Subcutaneous edema is an indicator of fluid retention problems, often systemic.
- Pulmonary edema is associated with various conditions, and can be life-threatening due to respiratory impairment.
- Brain edema presents as hazardous swelling in the head and can cause herniation.
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Description
Explore the fundamentals of pathology with a focus on hemodynamic disorders. This quiz covers key concepts related to hyperemia, congestion, and edema, as well as their effects on body tissues. Test your understanding of these critical aspects of disease pathology.
