Fluid and Hemodynamic Disorders Exam

Hyperemia is the increase of blood flow to different tissues in the body.

False

<p>Active hyperemia is increased blood inflow (arterial blood) to different tissues in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heart blood vasculature during heart failure</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Passive hyperemia is caused by diminished or blocked venous drainage, where blood outflow is impaired due to an obstruction. The mechanism is an obstacle that impairs blood flow out of the area.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of passive hyperemia include dilation of veins, venules, and capillaries, leading to a buildup of venous blood in the affected area. This can cause edema (swelling) and cyanosis (bluish discoloration).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Blue-red color</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Local passive congestion involves one vein in one limb or organ.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Superior vena cava syndrome results from passive congestion of the superior vena cava.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of superior vena cava syndrome include edema and cyanosis of the head, neck, shoulders, and upper chest.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Portal hypertension is a condition where the pressure within the portal vein increases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Liver cirrhosis, lesions of the portal vein such as neoplastic invasion, thrombosis, phlebitis, and compression are the main causes of portal hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Consequences of portal hypertension include splenomegaly, collateral circulation (portosystemic or portocaval shunts), esophageal varices, rectal varices/hemorrhoids, caput medusae, and ascites.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary passive congestion is the inability of the left heart to evacuate the pulmonary venous blood, which leads to an increase in pressure in the pulmonary veins, and in turn leads to increased pulmonary capillary pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary passive congestion can be caused by acute left-sided heart failure, usually associated with myocardial infarction, or chronic left-sided heart failure, often caused by mitral stenosis or chronic left-sided heart failure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of lung congestion include impaired gas diffusion across the alveolar-capillary membrane, decrease in pulmonary excursions, and pulmonary artery hypertension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ischemia is a condition where the blood flow to an area of the body is decreased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased blood flow</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decubitus ulcers, also known as pressure ulcers or bed sores, are areas of ischemic necrosis of the skin that occur in individuals who are bedridden or confined to a wheelchair due to compression of the dermal capillaries between the bed and the bone prominences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The consequences of ischemia are determined by a combination of factors including previous blood or cardiovascular diseases, tissue resistance during hypoxia, the pattern of arterial supply, and the type of ischemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemorrhage is the loss of blood from the circulatory system due to blood extravasation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>External hemorrhage is visible on the outside of the body and typically occurs due to trauma such as open fractures or sectioning of an artery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A thrombus is a solid mass of blood constituents that forms inside a blood vessel or the heart in living individuals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The three factors involved in the pathogenesis of thrombosis include endothelial injury, alterations in normal blood flow, and hypercoagulability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hypercoagulable states can be classified into primary (genetic) and secondary (acquired) states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lines of Zahn are alternating pale platelet and fibrin deposits with darker red cell-rich layers that are often apparent in thrombi, particularly those formed in flowing blood.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An embolus is a foreign material that travels through the bloodstream, often dislodging from a thrombus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Anterograde embolism is the most frequent form of embolism where emboli move in the direction of blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Paradoxical embolism is a rare condition where emboli from the venous system reach the systemic arterial circulation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Retrograde embolism is a less common form of embolism where emboli move in the opposite direction of blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Venous thromboembolism is a condition where a thrombus travels from the venous system into the pulmonary arterial circulation, commonly originating from deep vein thrombosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The effects of pulmonary thromboembolism depend on the size of the embolus, ranging from sudden death in cases of large emboli to mild symptoms or even no symptoms at all in cases of small emboli.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Amniotic fluid embolism is a rare but serious condition that occurs when amniotic fluid or fetal tissue enters the maternal circulation, typically during childbirth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cholesterol embolism is a condition where cholesterol crystals break off from atherosclerotic plaques and travel through the bloodstream, often lodging in small blood vessels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Infarction is an area of ischemic necrosis, where tissue death occurs due to a lack of blood flow.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>White infarcts are typically seen in organs with terminal arterial circulation, while red infarcts are more common in organs with a dual blood supply or in areas of congested venous drainage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A recent white infarct is wedge-shaped, well-defined, pale in color, and has a red frame at the periphery.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An old white infarct is replaced by fibrosis, forming a white, contracted scar.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) is a serious, life-threatening condition that involves widespread activation of the coagulation cascade, leading to both thrombosis and bleeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The major consequences of DIC include microthrombosis, microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, and microhemorrhages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Shock is a life-threatening condition that involves profound hemodynamic and metabolic disturbances that lead to inadequate perfusion of vital organs, causing severe hypoxia and cell injury.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Microscopic findings in shock include microthrombosis, microhemorrhages, and micronecroses, reflecting widespread tissue damage and hypoxia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Exudates are inflammatory fluids with higher protein content and specific gravity compared to transudates, which are noninflammatory and have a lower protein concentration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Generalized edema can occur in various body areas, including visceral organs, body cavities, and subcutaneous tissues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary edema is an accumulation of fluid in the lung tissue, often causing shortness of breath, coughing, and difficulty breathing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary edema can be caused by a variety of factors, including left-sided heart failure, volume overload, obstruction to pulmonary veins, decreased oncotic pressure, microvascular injury, and lymphatic obstruction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Clinical features of pulmonary edema include anxiety, dyspnea at rest, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, and cough productive of pink, frothy sputum.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cerebral edema is a condition where there is an excess accumulation of fluid within either the cells or extracellular spaces of the brain, causing swelling and increased intracranial pressure.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The main consequence of cerebral edema is increased intracranial pressure, which can lead to herniation of the brain tissue and potentially to death.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lymphedema is a condition where fluid accumulates in the tissues due to a compromised lymphatic system, leading to swelling, often in the extremities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary lymphedema occurs due to blockage or obstruction of the lymphatic channels or regional lymph nodes, often caused by tumors, surgery, radiation, or fibrosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Filariasis is a parasitic infection caused by nematode worms that block lymphatic channels, leading to lymphedema, especially in the legs and external genitalia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Primary lymphedema is a rare congenital condition caused by a defect in the lymphatic system, leading to swelling that typically begins in childhood, and can progressively worsen over time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Complications of lymphedema include disability, superimposed infection, chronic ulcerations, and postinflammatory thrombosis and scarring.</p> Signup and view all the answers