Fluid and Hemodynamic Disorders Exam

FLUID AND HEMODYNAMIC DISORDERS

• Learning objectives for a theoretical exam on fluid and hemodynamic disorders are outlined, covering topics like hyperemia, congestion, ischemia, hemorrhage, thrombosis, embolism, infarction, edema, and blood flow disorders.
• Hyperemia is defined and categorized, with forms like active (arterial) and passive (venous) hyperemia.
• Passive hyperemia encompasses congestion in various organs like lungs and liver. 
• Ischemia and hemorrhage include causes, classifications, and consequences. 
• Thrombosis and embolism, as well as their clinicopathological correlations, are detailed.
• Infarction, disseminated intravascular coagulation, shock, edema, and lymphedema are discussed.
• Blood flow disorders, including hyperemia and passive congestion, are categorized and described
• Active hyperemia definition and description: mechanisms and effects are covered.
• Passive (venous) hyperemia definition and description: mechanisms and effects are covered.
• Various types of passive congestion are classified and described.
• Local and regional passive congestion are separately addressed
• The causes, effects, and consequences of portal hypertension are detailed along with relevant examples.
• Pulmonary stasis is a detailed topic in terms of pathogenesis, causes, and microscopy.
• Liver passive congestion (passive hepatic congestion) is explained in terms of etiology, pathology, and microscopy.
• Ischemia is defined and categorized based on its causes (arterial obstruction, capillary obstruction, venous obstruction) and associated factors influencing tissue resistance during hypoxia
• Hemorrhage is defined, categorized, and described in terms of origin and type (arterial, venous, capillary)
• The topographic classifications for external and internal hemorrhage are identified.
• Types of external hemorrhage, sites, and examples are covered.
• Internal hemorrhage: Definition, types, and sites, with details on petechiae, purpura, ecchymosis, and hematoma
• Thrombosis, including its definition, classification, pathogenesis, and morphology including lines of Zahn
• The clinical and microscopic manifestations of arterial, venous, and capillary thrombosis are differentiated. 
• The process of organized thrombus formations and associated characteristics are highlighted (including thrombi formation).
• Different types of embolism are classified and described in terms of their nature and direction of travel through the circulatory system (anterograde, retrograde, paradoxical) and discussed.
• Infarction is defined and classified in its different morphological forms (white and red). Related pathologies and implications are explored.

PULMONARY PASSIVE CONGESTION (PULMONARY STASIS)

• Pulmonary stasis pathogenesis, etiology, pathology, and microscopy detailed
• Causes and effects of both acute and chronic passive pulmonary congestion are explored.
• The different anatomical and pathological features of both acute and chronic passive lung congestion are elaborated.

LIVER PASSIVE CONGESTION (PASSIVE HEPATIC CONGESTION)

• Etiology, pathology, and microscopy of liver passive congestion are described.
• Specific types or features of hepatic congestion such as "nutmeg" liver and its associated microscopic findings are detailed.
• The impact of liver congestion on relevant physiological functions is highlighted.

ISCHEMIA

• Ischemia definitions, etiologies (arterial, capillary, venous), associated factors (e.g., resistance to hypoxia), and clinical implications are comprehensively outlined.

HEMORRHAGE

• Hemorrhage is defined and various kinds are detailed.
• Different classifications of hemorrhage based on source (locations within the circulatory system) are explained.
• Pathogenesis and different mechanisms of hemorrhage (rupture of vessels, erosion of vessel walls, and diapedesis) are elaborated

INFARCTION

•  Definition, etiologies, and types of infarction are described.
•  Pathological findings (microscopic and macroscopic) of different forms of infarction (e.g., white and red) are elaborated.

THROMBOSIS

• Thrombosis definition and basic types are described.
•  A detailed breakdown of the steps in thrombogenesis, focusing on endothelial injury, alterations in normal blood flow, and hypercoagulability.
•  Different types of thrombi are classified and described in terms of their location (e.g., cardiac, arterial, venous) and associated morphological features.
•  The process of thrombolysis and the factors affecting thrombus organization, propagation, embolisation, and dissolution are highlighted.

EMBLISM

• Embolism definition, classification, and etiologies (e.g., thromboembolism, fat embolism, gas embolism, amniotic fluid embolism, bone marrow embolism, tumor embolism, septic embolism, foreign body embolism, and parasitic embolism) which are detailed.
•  Pathogenesis, incidence, and clinical implications are comprehensively outlined.

INFARCTION

•  Infarction's definition, types (white and red), and etiologies including the location in the affected organ, are highlighted.
•  The clinical implications, such as symptoms and potential complications, are touched upon.
•  Pathological criteria, microscopic features, and macroscopic morphology are mentioned.

DISSEMINATED INTRAVASCULAR COAGULATION (DIC)

•  The definition of DIC, its pathogenesis (activation of the coagulation cascade), and associated factors that trigger it are explained.
•  Different clinical and pathological effects of DIC (e.g., excessive coagulation, micro-thrombosis, bleeding) are described.
•  The microscopic findings related to DIC are briefly explained.
•  The different conditions and situations that predispose to DIC are highlighted

SHOCK

•  The definition of shock, its types, and its common causes are listed.
•  Pathogenesis (circulatory system failing to maintain sufficient organ perfusion, resulting in hypoxia and cellular damage) and consequent effects (e.g., hypoxia, cellular damage, metabolic disturbances) are explained.

EDEMA

•  Definition of edema, different types, classifications (inflammatory and non-inflammatory) and underlying causes (increased hydrostatic or decreased oncotic pressure, lymphatic obstruction, inflammation, renal failure, and various other causes) are given.
•  The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms driving different kinds of edema are outlined.
•  Differences in exudative versus transudative edema are distinguished at the molecular and structural level.

LYMPHEDEMA

• Lymph flow disorders (lymphedema) are delineated, with classifications and etiologies covered, along with the various causal factors.
• Detailed descriptions of primary (congenital) and secondary (acquired) lymphedema are provided, including the microscopic and macroscopic indicators and characteristics of both.
•  The pathogenesis and effects of various causes of lymphedema, such as infections, surgeries, and malignancies, are described and explored.