Introduction to Pathology

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a symptom associated with adult mixedema?

Elevated heart rate

Increased respiratory rate

Cold intolerance (correct)

Weight loss

Which condition is characterized by impaired physical growth and mental development in newborns?

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

Cretinism (correct)

Hyperthyroidism

Hypoparathyroidism

What is a major cause of hyperthyroidism?

Autoimmune disease resulting in hypocalcaemia

Graves' thyroiditis (correct)

Parathyroid carcinoma

Hypopituitarism

What is the effect of tertiary hyperparathyroidism?

Development of an autonomous nodule Signup and view all the answers

What can lead to hypoparathyroidism?

Surgical removal of the parathyroid Signup and view all the answers

What is a common consequence of chronic inflammation in the gastrointestinal tract?

Intestinal metaplasia and dysplasia Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is linked to autoimmune gastritis and often leads to a vitamin B12 deficiency?

Pernicious anemia Signup and view all the answers

What primary factor contributes to the development of peptic ulcer disease?

Helicobacter pylori infection Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following tumors is categorized as a neuroendocrine tumor?

Carcinoid tumor Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary treatment approach for eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection?

Antibiotic therapy Signup and view all the answers

What triggers thrombosis in about 25% of Acute Coronary Syndrome cases?

Rupture of plaque Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism causes the majority of Acute Coronary Syndrome cases?

Fissuring of plaque and intraplaque haemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes unstable angina as opposed to stable angina?

Chest pain occurring even at rest Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of prolonged ischemia during a heart attack?

Permanent damage to heart muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a factor that may prevent significant permanent damage in some cases of ACS?

Severe ischemic conditions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mechanisms leads to a transient reduction in blood flow?

Coronary artery spasm Signup and view all the answers

Which statement about myocardial infarction is true?

It results in abnormal function of surviving heart muscle cells. Signup and view all the answers

What might develop if collateral vessels are present during an ACS event?

Decreased myocardial necrosis Signup and view all the answers

What type of stroke is primarily associated with chronic hypertension?

Hemorrhagic stroke Signup and view all the answers

What happens to blood vessels in the brain due to chronic hypertension?

They weaken and may rupture. Signup and view all the answers

What defines hypotension?

Abnormally low blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a cause of hypotension?

Severe hemorrhage Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary characteristic of labile cells?

Constantly dividing with high turnover Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of permanent cells?

Neurons Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called that refers to the formation of organs during embryonal development?

Morphogenesis Signup and view all the answers

What triggers postural hypotension?

Rapid standing up Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of hypocalcemia?

Tetany or involuntary muscular contractions Signup and view all the answers

Which condition leads to respiratory acidosis?

Alveolar hypoventilation Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is associated with metabolic alkalosis?

Excessive loss of acids or excessive HCO3- production Signup and view all the answers

Which factor can lead to secondary hyperparathyroidism?

Renal insufficiency Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is a result of insufficient blood supply to meet the heart's needs?

Ischaemic Heart Disease Signup and view all the answers

What is Chvostek’s sign indicative of?

Hypocalcemia Signup and view all the answers

What leads to metabolic acidosis?

Excessive production of acids or inadequate excretion of acids Signup and view all the answers

What is the normal range of pH in the human body?

7.35 - 7.45 Signup and view all the answers

What is the main characteristic of hypertrophy?

Increase in the size of cells Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of physiological hyperplasia?

Uterine growth during pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What type of atrophy occurs due to prolonged immobilization?

Pathological Atrophy Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with an increase in cell size without cell division?

Hypertrophy Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary factor regulating differentiation in cells?

Genetic instructions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about hyperplasia is true?

It requires mitosis for cell division. Signup and view all the answers

Hypoplasia is primarily caused by which of the following?

Defective morphogenesis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes pathological hypertrophy?

Enlargement due to high blood pressure Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Pathology

Pathology is the study of disease using scientific methods. It examines abnormal variations in body structure and function.
Disease is an abnormality of structure or function, stemming from either:
- Primary genetic defects: Such as chromosome abnormalities and gene defects (e.g., haemophilia, cystic fibrosis).
- Acquired defects: Due to environmental factors, influenced by genetic factors (e.g., malignant melanoma).
The disease process includes four core aspects:
- Aetiology: The cause of a disease.
- Pathogenesis: How the disease develops.
- Morphology: Structural alterations that indicate disease (in DNA, organs, and cells).
- Clinical Significance: Functional consequences of morphological changes, including symptoms, signs, course (acute, chronic, relapse), prognosis (recovery/mortality/morbidity).
Hypoxia is a decrease in oxygen in tissues, often due to loss of blood supply or reduced oxygen capacity in the blood (anaemia).
Psychogenic disorders are acquired mental illnesses stemming from substances like drugs, alcohol, and tobacco.

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Description

This quiz covers basic concepts in pathology, focusing on the study of disease through scientific methods. Key areas include disease causes, development, structural changes, and clinical significance. Understand vital concepts such as aetiology, pathogenesis, and morphologic alterations.