Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which opioid receptors are primarily involved in the effects of morphine?
Which opioid receptors are primarily involved in the effects of morphine?
- Beta (β)
- Mu (µ) (correct)
- Alpha (α)
- Kappa (K)
What physiological effects do opioids have on the central nervous system?
What physiological effects do opioids have on the central nervous system?
- Enhanced motor activity
- Respiratory depression (correct)
- Increased heart rate
- Increased alertness
Which endogenous peptides are mentioned as interacting with opioid receptors?
Which endogenous peptides are mentioned as interacting with opioid receptors?
- Histamine and Acetylcholine
- Glutamate and GABA
- Serotonin and Dopamine
- Enkephalin and Endorphin (correct)
What is a significant chronic effect associated with opioid use?
What is a significant chronic effect associated with opioid use?
In opioid administration, what is a characteristic effect on the pupils?
In opioid administration, what is a characteristic effect on the pupils?
What is the primary role of the nucleus accumbens in opioid use?
What is the primary role of the nucleus accumbens in opioid use?
What is a potential adverse effect of buprenorphine, a common opioid substitution therapy?
What is a potential adverse effect of buprenorphine, a common opioid substitution therapy?
What effect do opioids have on the gastrointestinal tract?
What effect do opioids have on the gastrointestinal tract?
What is a common behavioral effect of morphine that contributes to its abuse potential?
What is a common behavioral effect of morphine that contributes to its abuse potential?
Which of the following is NOT an acute effect of morphine?
Which of the following is NOT an acute effect of morphine?
What physiological effect does morphine have on the gastrointestinal tract?
What physiological effect does morphine have on the gastrointestinal tract?
Which of the following adverse effects can occur with morphine use?
Which of the following adverse effects can occur with morphine use?
What is a primary action of morphine on the cardiovascular system?
What is a primary action of morphine on the cardiovascular system?
How does morphine affect respiratory function?
How does morphine affect respiratory function?
Which effect does morphine NOT develop tolerance to?
Which effect does morphine NOT develop tolerance to?
What is an important consideration when administering morphine to asthmatic patients?
What is an important consideration when administering morphine to asthmatic patients?
What are the main pharmacological actions of morphine?
What are the main pharmacological actions of morphine?
What effect does morphine have on urinary function?
What effect does morphine have on urinary function?
What is the mechanism by which morphine induces vomiting?
What is the mechanism by which morphine induces vomiting?
Flashcards
Opioid Receptors
Opioid Receptors
Receptors found in the central nervous system (CNS) and gastrointestinal tract (GIT) that bind to endogenous opioid peptides and exogenously administered opiates.
Endogenous Opioid Peptides
Endogenous Opioid Peptides
Natural peptides produced by the body that bind to opioid receptors.
Morphine
Morphine
A prototypical opioid agonist, isolated in 1803, derived from opium poppies.
Opioid Agonist
Opioid Agonist
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Analgesia
Analgesia
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Respiratory Depression
Respiratory Depression
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Tolerance
Tolerance
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Dependence
Dependence
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Miosis
Miosis
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Antitussive
Antitussive
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Morphine's effect on Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
Morphine's effect on Chemoreceptor Trigger Zone
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Morphine's effect on Blood Pressure/Heart Rate
Morphine's effect on Blood Pressure/Heart Rate
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Morphine and Histamine Release
Morphine and Histamine Release
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Morphine and Bronchoconstriction
Morphine and Bronchoconstriction
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Morphine's effect on Intestines
Morphine's effect on Intestines
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Morphine and Sphincters
Morphine and Sphincters
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Morphine and Biliary Colic
Morphine and Biliary Colic
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Morphine and Urinary Retention
Morphine and Urinary Retention
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Morphine Tolerance
Morphine Tolerance
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Morphine's Main Actions
Morphine's Main Actions
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Study Notes
Introduction to Opioids
- Opium poppy is the source of crude opium
- Morphine, a prototypic opioid agonist, was isolated in 1803 by Sertürner
Opioid Receptors
- Opioid receptors are abundant in the Central Nervous System (CNS) and Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT)
- Mu (μ), Kappa (κ), and Delta (δ) are the main types of opioid receptors
- Endogenous peptides like Enkephalin, Endorphin, and Dynorphin bind to these receptors
- Exogenously administered opiates also bind to these receptors
Classification of Opioids
- Opioids are classified as agonists, mixed agonist-antagonists, and antagonists
- Agonists include strong (morphine, methadone, meperidine), moderate (codeine, oxycodone), and weak (propoxyphene) opioids
- Antagonists are used to counter opioid overdose and include naloxone and naltrexone
- Pethidine is a synthetic opioid
Pharmacological Effects
- Acute Effects: Analgesia, sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression, antitussive action, nausea, vomiting, and miosis are observed
- Chronic Effects: Tolerance, dependence, and suppression of gonadal hormone secretion are observed
- Cardiovascular System: Morphine has minimal effect on blood pressure and heart rate, but large doses can cause hypotension and bradycardia
- Respiratory System: Morphine decreases respiration
- Gastrointestinal Tract (GIT): Morphine relieves diarrhea and dysentery by reducing motility and increasing intestinal tone. Constipation is also a common side effect
Morphine Specific Effects
- Miosis: Pinpoint pupils are characteristic of morphine use, and tolerance does not develop
- Emesis: Morphine directly stimulates the chemoreceptor trigger zone, causing vomiting, and tolerance develops to this effect
- Euphoria: Morphine produces a powerful sense of well-being, which is a factor in its abuse potential
- Depression of cough reflex: Morphine and codeine have antitussive properties
Tolerance
- Tolerance develops to most opioid effects, except miosis and constipation
- Tolerance is due to pharmacodynamics, where cells adapt to the drug's action
- Addicts require progressively higher doses to achieve the same effect
Comparison of Morphine and Pethidine
- Morphine is a natural opioid, while Pethidine is synthetic
- Oral absorption of Pethidine is better than Morphine
- Pethidine has weaker anti-cholinergic action than Morphine
- Pethidine is not as effective in pulmonary edema, diarrhoea, or cough as morphine
Antagonist of Morphine
- Naloxone and naltrexone are antagonists of morphine
- Naloxone is the drug of choice to treat opioid overdose
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Description
This quiz covers the basics of opioids, including their source, classification, and pharmacological effects. Dive into the various opioid receptors and how they interact with different types of opioids. Understanding these concepts is crucial for studying pain management and substance use disorders.
