Podcast
Questions and Answers
What four components can a computer system be divided into?
What four components can a computer system be divided into?
Hardware, Operating System, Application programs, Users
What is the name of the program that is loaded at power-up or reboot?
What is the name of the program that is loaded at power-up or reboot?
What is the name given to the one program running at all times on the computer?
What is the name given to the one program running at all times on the computer?
Kernel
The operating system determines which type of interrupt has occurred using a vectored interrupt system.
The operating system determines which type of interrupt has occurred using a vectored interrupt system.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the storage media that the CPU can access directly?
What is the name of the storage media that the CPU can access directly?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile storage capacity?
What is the extension of main memory that provides large nonvolatile storage capacity?
Signup and view all the answers
The disk controller is responsible for determining the logical interaction between the device and the computer.
The disk controller is responsible for determining the logical interaction between the device and the computer.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the smallest convenient chunk of storage?
What is the smallest convenient chunk of storage?
Signup and view all the answers
Caching is copying information into a faster storage system.
Caching is copying information into a faster storage system.
Signup and view all the answers
What provides a uniform interface between the device controller and the kernel?
What provides a uniform interface between the device controller and the kernel?
Signup and view all the answers
What structure is used for high-speed I/O devices that transmit information directly to memory?
What structure is used for high-speed I/O devices that transmit information directly to memory?
Signup and view all the answers
Multiprocessor systems are also known as parallel systems.
Multiprocessor systems are also known as parallel systems.
Signup and view all the answers
The CPU is responsible for managing the transfer of data from/to main memory to/from local buffers.
The CPU is responsible for managing the transfer of data from/to main memory to/from local buffers.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the software that allows OSes to run applications within other OSes?
What is the name of the software that allows OSes to run applications within other OSes?
Signup and view all the answers
The I/O subsystem is responsible for managing the memory related to I/O operations.
The I/O subsystem is responsible for managing the memory related to I/O operations.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the most prevalent form of computers?
What is the most prevalent form of computers?
Signup and view all the answers
Some real-time OSes are designed to perform tasks without an OS.
Some real-time OSes are designed to perform tasks without an OS.
Signup and view all the answers
Free and open-source operating systems are only available in binary, closed-source format.
Free and open-source operating systems are only available in binary, closed-source format.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the purpose of a system call?
What is the purpose of a system call?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name given to processes that have one program counter per thread?
What is the name given to processes that have one program counter per thread?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these activities are part of a process management activities?
Which of these activities are part of a process management activities?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the storage unit that the OS uses to abstract physical properties of storage?
What is the name of the storage unit that the OS uses to abstract physical properties of storage?
Signup and view all the answers
File-system management activities include creating and deleting files and directories.
File-system management activities include creating and deleting files and directories.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the storage that is used to store data that does not fit in main memory or data that needs to be kept for a long period of time?
What is the name of the storage that is used to store data that does not fit in main memory or data that needs to be kept for a long period of time?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these are activities handled by mass-storage management?
Which of these are activities handled by mass-storage management?
Signup and view all the answers
Tertiary storage includes optical storage and magnetic tape.
Tertiary storage includes optical storage and magnetic tape.
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name of the storage that is checked first to determine if information needed is available?
What is the name of the storage that is checked first to determine if information needed is available?
Signup and view all the answers
Cache management is a key aspect of system design and performance optimization.
Cache management is a key aspect of system design and performance optimization.
Signup and view all the answers
Movement between levels of the storage hierarchy can only be implicit.
Movement between levels of the storage hierarchy can only be implicit.
Signup and view all the answers
The primary purpose of the OS is to hide the peculiarities of hardware devices from the user.
The primary purpose of the OS is to hide the peculiarities of hardware devices from the user.
Signup and view all the answers
Virtualization allows operating systems to run applications within other operating systems.
Virtualization allows operating systems to run applications within other operating systems.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these are the core functions of an I/O subsystem?
Which of these are the core functions of an I/O subsystem?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the name given to the operating systems designed to run applications within data centers?
What is the name given to the operating systems designed to run applications within data centers?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these is a key characteristic of a distributed system?
Which of these is a key characteristic of a distributed system?
Signup and view all the answers
The most common network protocol used in distributed systems is TCP/IP.
The most common network protocol used in distributed systems is TCP/IP.
Signup and view all the answers
Traditional computing environments are characterized by stand-alone general-purpose machines.
Traditional computing environments are characterized by stand-alone general-purpose machines.
Signup and view all the answers
Smart PCs replaced dumb terminals in client-server computing environments.
Smart PCs replaced dumb terminals in client-server computing environments.
Signup and view all the answers
In peer-to-peer computing, each node must join a P2P network to broadcast services and respond to requests.
In peer-to-peer computing, each node must join a P2P network to broadcast services and respond to requests.
Signup and view all the answers
Cloud computing leverages virtualization as the base for its functionality.
Cloud computing leverages virtualization as the base for its functionality.
Signup and view all the answers
Amazon EC2 offers thousands of servers, millions of virtual machines, and petabytes of storage, all available via the internet.
Amazon EC2 offers thousands of servers, millions of virtual machines, and petabytes of storage, all available via the internet.
Signup and view all the answers
Which of these cloud computing models is run by a company for its own use?
Which of these cloud computing models is run by a company for its own use?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary reason that real-time embedded systems have become more prevalent?
What is the primary reason that real-time embedded systems have become more prevalent?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Operating System Introduction
- Operating systems manage computer hardware resources
- OSes control and coordinate how hardware is shared among users
- Applications use resources to solve problems
- OSes are essential for user convenience and performance
- Users usually aren't concerned with resource utilization
Computer System Structure
- Four main components: hardware, software, OS, and applications
- Hardware provides basic computing resources (CPU, memory, I/O devices)
- OS manages hardware, controls access, and coordinates use among applications
- Application programs define how system resources are used to solve user problems
- Users include people, machines, and other computers
Operating System Operations
- OSes are interrupt-driven
- Device controllers signal interrupts to OS
- OS handles interrupts by transferring control to the correct interrupt service routine
- Software interrupts (exceptions, traps) occur due to errors or user requests
Computer Startup
- Bootstrap program (firmware) loads at power-up or reboot
- Bootstrap program initializes system aspects
- Operating system kernel loads and begins execution
Interrupt Handling
- OS preserves CPU state (registers, program counter)
- OS determines interrupt type
- Separate code segments handle different interrupt types
I/O Structure
- I/O devices can execute concurrently with CPU
- Device controllers have local buffers for data transfer
- CPU transfers data between memory and device buffers
- Device controllers signal interrupts when I/O operations complete
Storage Structure
- Main memory provides direct CPU access
- Typically volatile (RAM), which is random access memory
- Secondary storage (like hard drives) provides large nonvolatile storage capacity
- Non-volatile memory (NVM) provides faster storage than hard drives with increasing capacity and decreasing prices
Storage Hierarchy
- Storage systems are organized in a hierarchy
- Speed and cost are factors in the hierarchy
- Caching is an important approach to optimize performance by copying data to faster storage
Computer-System Architecture
- Most systems feature a single general-purpose processor
- Multiprocessors systems (parallel systems or tightly coupled systems) are growing
- Increased throughput, economy of scale, and increased reliability are benefits of multiprocessors
- Two types are symmetric (symmetric multiprocessing) and asymmetric (asymmetric multiprocessing)
Dual-Core Design
- Multi-chip and multicore systems contain multiple separate CPUs
- Non-uniform memory access systems are different from regular CPUs
- Clustered systems are multiprocessor systems working together (multiple systems working together)
Computing Environments
- Traditional: Stand-alone general-purpose machines
- Distributed computing: Collection of separate possibly heterogeneous systems networked together. Common communication paths include LANs, WANs, MANs, and PANs
- Client-server: Client requests services from a server.
- Peer-to-peer: Systems are peers that may act as client or server
- Cloud computing: Services (calculations, storage, software) provided across a network
Real-time Embedded Systems
- Real-time embedded systems are prevalent, varied, and often purpose-built
- Time constraints are generally a necessity in this environment
Operating System Operations
- OSes protect themselves and other components through dual-mode operation (user mode and kernel mode)
- CPU mode changes through instructions
- Includes virtual machine manager (VMM) to host guest operating systems
- Bootstrap program loads operating system kernel
Process Management
- A process is a program in execution (active) as opposed to a program (passive)
- Process resources include CPU, memory, and I/O files
- OS manages processes by initialization, termination, and scheduling
- Including process synchronization, process communication, and deadlock handling
Memory Management
- OS manages which parts of memory are in use, how they are used, and moving instructions/data between memory and storage.
- Memory management activities involve keeping track of memory usage, allocating and deallocating, deciding what goes in/out of memory
- Using virtual memory to allow execution of processes that are not completely in memory
File System Management
- OS provides uniform, logical view of information storage abstraction for physical properties.
- OS manages file allocation (on file storage devices) and file access control (which files different users have access to).
- Involves file creation, deletion, directories, mapping, and backup functions
Mass Storage Management
- Data not in main memory or needing long-term storage is stored on mass storage devices like hard drives (HDD)
- OS manages the speed of computer operation through disk subsystem algorithms. This includes mounting, allocating free space, disk scheduling, and partitioning.
Multiprogramming and Multitasking
- Multiprogramming (batch system) improves CPU efficiency by running more than one program at a time so the CPU is always busy
- Time-sharing (multitasking) allows efficient interaction between users and their tasks
Kernel Loads
- System daemons start
- Kernel interrupt-driven (hardware and software)
- Software errors (ex. division by zero), requests, or processes modifying other processes or system are also handled by the kernel.
GNU/Linux and BSD UNIX
- Examples of open-source or free software.
- Available in both source and binary formats.
- Enables studying from the inside out.
- Virtualization allows the use of many operating systems, such as VMware and VirtualBox.
Virtualization
- Emulation used when hardware differs on source and target computers (i.e., PowerPC to Intel x86)
- Interpretation is generally slow
- Often use virtualization to test on different OS systems.
- Several other use cases (like testing apps across different OS versions), for example.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Related Documents
Description
This quiz covers the fundamentals of operating systems, including their role in managing hardware resources, interacting with applications, and handling interrupts. Understand the key components that make up computer systems and the operations OS perform to facilitate user tasks and system performance.
