Introduction to NoSQL Databases

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Questions and Answers

Which factor primarily drove the rise of NoSQL databases by necessitating horizontal scaling?

  • The requirement to handle larger data volumes. (correct)
  • A desire to reduce licensing costs associated with database systems.
  • The increasing complexity of relational database schemas.
  • A need to optimize data retrieval speeds for simple queries.

NoSQL databases universally guarantee ACID properties for transactions.

False (B)

What term describes the storage of closely related data in a rich structure that is accessed as a single unit in NoSQL databases?

aggregate

The difficulty of handling ______ between entities in different aggregates is a downside of aggregate data models.

<p>relationships</p>
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Match the following data models with their corresponding database examples:

<p>Key-Value = Riak Document = MongoDB Column-Family = Cassandra Graph = Neo4J</p>
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Which of the following is NOT a common distribution model used by NoSQL databases to run on clusters?

<p>Centralized Server Model (C)</p>
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In master-slave replication, all write operations are typically directed to the slave nodes to improve read performance.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the term for dividing data across multiple machines in a NoSQL database to improve scalability?

<p>sharding</p>
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______ combines data from multiple sources into a single view, which is beneficial for reporting.

<p>Materialized Views</p>
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Match the consistency model with its description:

<p>Update Consistency = How the database handles changes to data as they spread through the system Read Consistency = How consistent the data is when read from the database</p>
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Which theorem states that it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously guarantee consistency, availability, and partition tolerance?

<p>CAP Theorem (B)</p>
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Relaxing durability always leads to data loss and is therefore not a viable option for most applications.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What mechanism is used for keeping track of changes and detecting inconsistencies?

<p>Version Stamps</p>
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______ is a way of organizing parallel computation that fits in well with clusters and thus with NoSQL systems.

<p>MapReduce</p>
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Match the following concepts with the corresponding descriptions:

<p>Riak = An example of key-value databases MongoDB = An example of document databases Cassandra = An example of column-family databases Neo4J = An example of graph databases</p>
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What is a common concern when changing the structure of data in a schemaless database?

<p>A schemaless database still has an implicit schema that needs change discipline. (D)</p>
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The book argues that NoSQL is a single technology that will ultimately replace relational databases.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the term for the concept where multiple data-storage worlds coexist, even within the same application?

<p>Polyglot persistence</p>
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Data ______ is vital to understand, even as underlying technology changes.

<p>concepts</p>
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Match the term with it's description:

<p>Horizontal Scaling = Adding more machines to the application Vertically Scaling = Scaling by increasing memory and processing power</p>
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Which of the following is an advantage of using a single database engine for all requirements?

<p>None of the above. (D)</p>
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In RDBMS, the requirements of OLAP and OLTP systems are usually the same.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What is the term coined by Neal Ford to express the idea that applications should be written in a mix of languages to take advantage?

<p>polyglot programming</p>
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In the context of an e-commerce problem, using a data store for the shopping cart which is highly available and can scale is ______.

<p>important</p>
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Match the data stores to their use cases:

<p>Key-value data store = Store the shopping cart data before the order is confirmed Graph data store = Recommend products to customers based on their shopping cart contents and the purchase history of other customers</p>
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When are multiple data stores in an application beneficial?

<p>All of the above. (D)</p>
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It is best practice to change the data storage for a specific usage, even if existing legacy applications depend on the storage.

<p>False (B)</p>
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What can be added for better performance by existing data storage?

<p>Caching</p>
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In the world of polyglot persistence, the DBA groups will have to become more ______—to learn how some of these NoSQL technologies work, how to monitor these systems, back them up, and take data out of and put into these systems.

<p>poly-skilled</p>
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Match the following NoSQL products to descriptions:

<p>MongoDB Monitoring Service = Tool that vendors use to release open-source community tools. Datastax Ops Center = Tool released by open-source for catching up on the tool issues</p>
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With the NoSQL databases, what owns the data and serves it using services?

<p>The application (C)</p>
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Deployment complexity needs careful consideration with Polyglot Persistence

<p>True (A)</p>
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What should be weighed against the complexity increase from adding more data storage technologies?

<p>Advantages of a good data storage fit</p>
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By handling relational databases, the relationship with the data storage will change so we can ______.

<p>evolve</p>
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Match the following:

<p>DBA = Learns the NoSQL technology in polyglot persistence. NoSQL = Has active community of supporters.</p>
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What does the enterprise ensure for data warehouse systems?

<p>The ETL tools or any other mechanism they are using to move data from source systems to the data warehouse can read data from the NoSQL data store. (A)</p>
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The ETL tools have no difficulty talking to the Data warehouse?

<p>False (B)</p>
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What provides a great use case for NoSQL databases that allow you to write large volumes of data?

<p>huge number of writes and the need to scale for writes</p>
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To install a database, all that needs to be done is ______ and unzip the archive, which can be automated using curl and unzip commands.

<p>download</p>
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Can enterprises run analytics?

<p>Yes (D)</p>
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Flashcards

What is NoSQL?

A category of database management systems that differ from traditional relational databases.

What is an Aggregate?

Storing a rich structure of closely related data that is accessed as a unit in NoSQL databases.

What is a Key-Value Model?

A data storage model in NoSQL where data is stored as key-value pairs.

What is a Document Model?

A data storage model in NoSQL where data is stored in documents, which can be a JSON or XML documents.

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What are Column-Family Stores?

A NoSQL database that organizes data into columns and rows, similar to relational databases, but with more flexibility in schema design.

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What is a Graph Database?

A NoSQL data model where data is stored as nodes and edges, representing relationships between data points.

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What does Schemaless Mean?

A characteristic of NoSQL databases that allows data to be stored without a predefined schema.

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What is Sharding?

Splitting a data set into multiple databases to run on clusters

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What is Replication?

Copying data across multiple machines.

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Master-Slave Replication

One server as a leader that handles all write operations, while other servers (slaves) replicate the data for read operations.

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Peer-to-Peer Replication

All servers behaving as equals, each capable of handling both read and write operations.

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Combining Sharding and Replication

Combining sharding and replication to distribute data across multiple servers while ensuring high availability and fault tolerance.

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What is Consistency?

Ensuring that data remains consistent across all nodes in a distributed database system.

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Update Consistency

Guaranteeing that all updates to data are applied in the order they were made and that there are no conflicting updates.

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Read Consistency

Guaranteeing that all reads retrieve the most up-to-date version of the data.

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Relaxing Consistency

Compromising on strict consistency to improve performance and availability.

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What is the CAP Theorem?

A theorem stating that it is impossible for a distributed system to simultaneously guarantee consistency, availability, and partition tolerance.

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Relaxing Durability

Compromising on strict durability to improve performance, such as by delaying writing data to disk.

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What are Quorums?

Requiring a certain number of nodes to acknowledge a write or read operation before it is considered successful.

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What are Version Stamps?

Used for keeping track of changes and detecting inconsistencies in a database system.

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What are Business and System Transactions?

Ensuring that data operations meet business requirements and system constraints.

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Version Stamps on Multiple Nodes

Assigning version stamps to data on multiple nodes to track changes and resolve conflicts.

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What is Map-Reduce?

A programming model for processing large datasets in parallel across a distributed computing environment.

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What is Map?

The first phase in MapReduce that processes input data and transforms it into key-value pairs.

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What is Reduce?

The second phase in MapReduce that aggregates and reduces the intermediate data produced by the map phase.

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Partitioning

Dividing a large dataset into smaller parts that can be processed in parallel.

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Combining

Combining intermediate results to reduce the amount of data that needs to be transferred between nodes.

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What is Polyglot Persistence?

An approach where enterprises using a mix of technologies for data management.

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Encapsulating Data Access

Encapsulating data access into services reduces the impact of data storage choices on other parts of a system.

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Wrapping databases

Allows for the databases inside the services to evolve without you having to change the dependent applications.

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Study Notes

Preface

  • Relational databases have been the standard for data storage in enterprise computing for approximately 20 years.
  • The rise of NoSQL databases addresses the need to handle larger data volumes using clusters of commodity servers
  • The term "NoSQL" applies to nonrelational databases like Cassandra, Mongo, Neo4J, and Riak, characterized by schemaless data, cluster operation, and the ability to trade off consistency.
  • NoSQL databases allow systems that are performant, scalable and simple to program
  • The world is entering a world of Polyglot Persistence which means enterprises use multiple technologies for data management.

Why Are NoSQL Databases Interesting?

  • Application development productivity improves because NoSQL’s data model better fits the application's need, thus simplifying interaction and resulting in less code required.
  • Large-scale data can be captured and processed quickly by organizations because it is more economic to run large data and computing loads on clusters of smaller machines.

NoSQL Data Models

  • Aggregate data is structured with related data is stored together and accessed as a unit.
  • NoSQL data models include key-value, document, and column-family databases.
  • Graph databases don't fit into the aggregate-oriented camp
  • NoSQL databases can operate without a schema allowing for flexibility

NoSQL Distribution

  • NoSQL Databases distribute data to run on clusters
  • Data distribution includes sharding, and replication, using either master-slave or peer-to-peer replication.
  • NoSQL databases offer a wider range of consistency options compared to relational databases
  • Consistency changes can occur for updates and reads using quorums.
  • Durability can be traded off.
  • The CAP theorem explains tradeoffs.

NoSQL Tools and Techniques

  • Version stamps track changes and detect inconsistencies.
  • Map-reduce organizes parallel computation.

NoSQL Implementation technologies

  • Riak is used as an example of key-value databases.
  • MongoDB is used an example for document databases.
  • Cassandra is used to explore column-family databases.
  • Neo4J is used as an example of graph databases.

Schema Changes & Migration

  • Changing the structure of data during an application's life cycle is difficult
  • Schemaless databases still have an implicit schema
  • Data migration occurs for strong and schemaless systems

Polyglot Persistence

  • Polyglot Persistence: Multiple data-storage worlds can coexist, even within the same application.
  • This means architects need to understand these technologies
  • Other factors include productivity of a programming model, alignment of the data storage model to the application, and the data access performance and resilience

Graph Databases

  • Graph databases store relationship information
  • The primary audience is architects, technical leads, software management and developers

NoSQL Databases

  • NoSQL databases are categorized by data model
  • Data models include key-value, document, column family, and graph
  • The classification by data model can be blurry

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