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Introduction to Neuroscience
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Introduction to Neuroscience

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@lalalalala05

Questions and Answers

What is the primary role of neurons within the nervous system?

  • To regulate blood flow in the nervous system
  • To produce cerebrospinal fluid
  • To transmit and process information (correct)
  • To provide support and protection for other cells

    • Which cells within the nervous system are responsible for supporting neurons?

  • Glia (correct)
  • Osteocytes
  • Myocytes
  • Erythrocytes

    • Approximately how many neurons are found in the human brain?

  • 80-100 billion (correct)
  • 30-50 billion
  • 10-20 billion
  • 150-200 billion

    • Which of the following is not a component of the nervous system?

    <p>Heart</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes neurons from other cell types within the nervous system?

    <p>They are involved in the direct communication of signals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of a motor neuron is responsible for attaching to muscle fibers?

    <p>Presynaptic terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is found in both motor neurons and sensory neurons?

    <p>Nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sensory endings specifically located in sensory neurons?

    <p>At the end opposite to the soma</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is directly involved in the transmission of neural signals in motor neurons but not explicitly depicted for sensory neurons?

    <p>Presynaptic terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following parts is unique to the motor neuron compared to the sensory neuron?

    <p>Dendritic spines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of how temporal summation works in postsynaptic integration?

    <p>Combining potentials arriving a short time apart either from the same or separate sources</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do transporters terminate synaptic activity?

    <p>By repackaging and reusing neurotransmitters taken back into the terminals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does cocaine influence synaptic activity?

    <p>It blocks the reuptake of dopamine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best describes spatial summation?

    <p>Combining simultaneous potentials occurring at different locations on the dendrites and cell body</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do astrocytes play in terminating synaptic activity?

    <p>They absorb some neurotransmitters and some are partially broken down to form new neurotransmitters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the neuron contains synaptic vesicles?

    <p>Terminal buttons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of dendrites?

    <p>Receive chemical messages from other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where does the axon typically leave the cell body?

    <p>At the axon hillock</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main component within the nucleus of a neuron?

    <p>DNA</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory suggested that neurons are continuous with one another?

    <p>Reticular Theory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the selectively permeable membrane around the cell body?

    <p>To allow only certain molecules in</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron is primarily responsible for conducting information between neurons in the same area?

    <p>Interneuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron has a single short stalk from the cell body that divides into two branches?

    <p>Unipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Where are sensory neurons primarily located?

    <p>Outside the brain and spinal cord</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the form and location of motor neurons?

    <p>Multipolar, throughout nervous system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of neuron has short axons that communicate locally?

    <p>Interneuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron conducts messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs?

    <p>Motor neuron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron characteristically has dendrites and an axon extending from both ends of the cell body?

    <p>Bipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neuron has multiple dendrites and a single axon extending from the cell body?

    <p>Multipolar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)?

    <p>To facilitate the occurrence of an action potential by shifting the membrane potential in a positive direction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the effect of increased polarization or hyperpolarization on a neuron's likelihood of firing an action potential?

    <p>It makes an action potential less likely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sodium-potassium pumps in the cell membrane?

    <p>To maintain the electrical gradient by moving ions across the membrane</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter deficiency is related to epileptic seizures?

    <p>Deficiency in receptors for inhibitory neurotransmitters</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ion movements occur during depolarization of a neuron?

    <p>Sodium ions move inside the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primary function do oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells share?

    <p>Building the myelin sheath around some neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neural signal is responsible for within-cell communication?

    <p>Electrical - ions, charged molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes the negative resting membrane potential of a neuron?

    <p>Selective permeability allowing more potassium ions to leave the cell</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can an EPSP affect a neuron that has an inhibitory effect on other neurons?

    <p>It activates the neuron, thus enhancing its inhibitory effect on other neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of glia is primarily responsible for aiding neuron migration in embryonic development?

    <p>Radial glia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens immediately after a neuron's membrane becomes depolarized during an action potential?

    <p>Sodium channels close and potassium channels open</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do astrocytes play in neuron function?

    <p>Synchronizing axon activity by taking up chemicals released by the axon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is the distinction between EPSP and IPSP important in the context of treatments like Ritalin for ADHD?

    <p>Because EPSP may activate neurons with inhibitory effects and IPSP may reduce their activity, affecting overall brain activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neural transmission is associated with carrying information away from a structure?

    <p>Efferent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of an action potential that distinguishes it from other types of electrical signals?

    <p>Its all-or-none nature</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which process is NOT involved in the generation of an action potential?

    <p>Sodium-potassium pump activity during rapid depolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is primarily performed by microglia in the nervous system?

    <p>Removing waste material and harmful microorganisms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following ions is the cell membrane permeable to during the resting condition?

    <p>Potassium (K+)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What potential is typically measured at -70mV in a neuron?

    <p>Resting membrane potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of potential is initiated at postsynaptic sites on dendrites and the cell body?

    <p>Local, or graded, potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which membrane structure serves as ion channels and receptor molecules?

    <p>Proteins in the bilayer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the permeability of a neuron membrane during resting conditions?

    <p>Permeable to potassium (K+) and impermeable to sodium (Na-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is derived from the amino acid tyrosine and is involved in arousal and stress responses?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the binding of GABA to GABA-A receptors result in?

    <p>Rapid diffusion of Cl- into the cell leading to hyperpolarization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which criterion must a chemical substance meet to be classified as a neurotransmitter?

    <p>It has the same effect regardless of release via natural means or drugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is involved in mood regulation, arousal, impulsivity, aggression, appetite, and anxiety?

    <p>Serotonin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of GABA as a neurotransmitter?

    <p>Inhibitory neurotransmitter acting through two receptor subtypes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following correctly describes a peptide neurotransmitter?

    <p>Chains of 2 or more amino acids linked by peptide bonds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Neuroscience

    • Neuroscience is the study of the nervous system, which consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerve cells.
    • The nervous system is composed of two main types of cells: neurons and glia.
    • Neurons are specialized for communication, while glia provide support for neurons.
    • The human brain contains approximately 80-100 billion neurons.

    Neuron Structure

    • The three main parts of a neuron are the dendrites, cell body, and axon.
    • Dendrites receive chemical messages from other neurons.
    • The cell body contains the nucleus and other structures, wrapped by a selectively permeable membrane.
    • The axon is a long, slender process that carries information from the cell body to the terminal buttons.
    • Terminal buttons contain synaptic vesicles that release neurotransmitters into the synapse.

    Types of Neurons

    • Motor neurons conduct messages from the brain and spinal cord to muscles and organs.
    • Sensory neurons carry information from the body and world to the brain and spinal cord.
    • Interneurons conduct information between neurons in the same area.

    Neuron Function

    • Neurons transmit information through electrical and chemical signals.
    • Spatial summation combines potentials occurring simultaneously at different locations on the dendrites and cell body.
    • Temporal summation combines potentials arriving a short time apart, from either the same or separate neurons.

    Synaptic Activity

    • When an action potential reaches the terminal button, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse.
    • Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing a change in the electrical properties of the neuron.
    • Reuptake is the process by which neurotransmitters are taken back into the terminal buttons by membrane proteins (transporters).

    Excitation and Inhibition

    • Excitation is the process by which a neuron is made more likely to fire an action potential.
    • Inhibition is the process by which a neuron is made less likely to fire an action potential.
    • Both excitation and inhibition are equally important for proper neural function.

    Resting Potential

    • The resting potential is the electrical state of a neuron at rest, with a negative charge on the inside compared to the outside (-70mV).
    • The resting potential arises from a combination of electrostatic forces, ion concentration gradients, and selective permeability.
    • Sodium-potassium pumps help maintain the electrical gradient.

    Action Potential

    • An action potential is a brief electrical impulse that travels along an axon and allows one neuron to communicate with another.
    • The action potential is possible due to the semi-permeable membrane, which maintains chemical and electrical gradients across the membrane.
    • Depolarization changes the voltage, which may cause voltage-sensitive ion channels to open and allow ionic diffusion.
    • The action potential is an all-or-none event.

    Glia

    • Glia are the other major component of the nervous system, providing support for neurons.
    • Astrocytes help synchronize the activity of the axon by wrapping around the presynaptic terminal and taking up chemicals released by the axon.
    • Microglia remove waste material and other microorganisms that could prove harmful to the neuron.
    • Oligodendrocytes and Schwann cells build the myelin sheath that surrounds the axon of some neurons.
    • Radial glia guide the migration of neurons and the growth of their axons and dendrites during embryonic development.

    Neurotransmitters

    • Neurotransmitters are chemical substances released synaptically from one neuron that affect another cell in a specific manner.
    • There are three general categories of neurotransmitters: amino acids, amino acid-derived, and peptides.
    • Examples of neurotransmitters include GABA, dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, and peptides.

    Cell Membrane

    • The cell membrane is formed from two layers of lipid molecules with proteins "floating" within the bilayer.
    • The cell membrane is selectively permeable, allowing certain molecules to pass through while keeping others out.

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    Description

    This quiz covers the basic components of motor and sensory neurons, including their structures and functions. Test your knowledge of neuron anatomy and get started with neuroscience!

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